Calidad de la dieta y conocimiento nutricional de los adolescentes escolarizados en instituciones públicas y privadas del área de gobierno local de Odeda
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Introducción: La adolescencia constituye una etapa crítica del desarrollo en la que la nutrición desempeña un papel esencial para el crecimiento y la salud a largo plazo. Sin embargo, muchos adolescentes no cumplen con las recomendaciones dietéticas, lo que conduce a una calidad alimentaria deficiente y a un mayor riesgo de malnutrición y enfermedades no transmisibles.
Objetivo: Analizar la relación entre la calidad de la dieta y el conocimiento nutricional en adolescentes escolarizados de instituciones públicas y privadas del Área de Gobierno Local de Odeda, Estado de Ogun, Nigeria.
Metodología: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal con 402 adolescentes de 13 a 17 años, seleccionados mediante muestreo aleatorio por etapas en dos escuelas públicas y dos privadas. La ingesta alimentaria se evaluó con la herramienta del Global Diet Quality Project, y el conocimiento nutricional mediante un cuestionario validado. Los datos se analizaron con estadística descriptiva, pruebas de chi-cuadrado y regresión múltiple, considerando un nivel de significación de p < 0.05.
Resultados: La edad media fue de 15.24 ± 1.03 años, con predominio femenino (65.2%). El 56.5% presentó diversidad dietética adecuada, aunque el 84.8% no alcanzó las recomendaciones globales. El conocimiento nutricional fue moderado en el 73.6%, bueno en el 15.4% y deficiente en el 10.9%. Los alumnos de escuelas privadas mostraron mayor conocimiento nutricional (p = 0.001), sin diferencias significativas en diversidad o adherencia dietética según el tipo de escuela. La posición en el hogar (p = 0.001) y el número de hermanos (p = 0.025) predijeron la diversidad dietética, mientras que el sexo (p = 0.014) y la educación materna (p = 0.020) predijeron la adherencia a las recomendaciones.
Conclusión: Los adolescentes de Odeda presentaron una diversidad alimentaria moderada y baja adherencia a las recomendaciones globales. A pesar del mayor conocimiento nutricional en escuelas privadas, la calidad dietética general fue insuficiente. Se requieren estudios longitudinales e intervencionales para comprender y mejorar los hábitos alimentarios en esta población.
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