Fibra dietética como estrategia terapéutica para proteger la función de la barrera intestinal y reducir la neuroinflamación en el trastorno por uso de alcohol: implicaciones para la depresión y la recaída

Fibra dietética como estrategia terapéutica para proteger la función de la barrera intestinal y reducir la neuroinflamación en el trastorno por uso de alcohol: implicaciones para la depresión y la recaída

Contenido principal del artículo

Diliana Pérez-Reytor
Eduardo Karahanian

Resumen

Introducción: El trastorno por uso de alcohol (TUA) y el trastorno depresivo mayor (TDM) son condiciones altamente comórbidas que comparten un sustrato neuroinflamatorio común. El consumo crónico de alcohol disrumpe la barrera intestinal e induce disbiosis intestinal, lo que conduce a la translocación de lipopolisacárido (LPS) bacteriano, inflamación sistémica y neuroinflamación central que persisten durante la abstinencia y aumentan la vulnerabilidad a la recaída. Objetivo: Esta revisión de perspectiva discute los vínculos mecanísticos entre la disfunción de la barrera intestinal inducida por el alcohol, la neuroinflamación y los desequilibrios en neurotransmisores que subyacen a la depresión y la recaída en el TUA, y propone el consumo de fibra dietética —como fuente de butirato intestinal mediante fermentación microbiana— como una estrategia terapéutica adyuvante. Discusión: El butirato, el principal ácido graso de cadena corta producido por la fermentación colónica de la fibra dietética, es el principal sustrato energético de los colonocitos y ejerce efectos antiinflamatorios mediante la inhibición de NF-κB y de las histona desacetilasas. Promueve la integridad de la barrera intestinal mediante la regulación al alza de las proteínas de uniones estrechas (ZO-1, ocludina, claudina-1), reduce la translocación de LPS y atenúa la cascada inflamatoria periférica hacia el sistema nervioso central. Al reducir la neuroinflamación, el butirato puede contribuir a restaurar el equilibrio de glutamato, dopamina y serotonina, sistemas de neurotransmisión alterados por el alcohol y críticamente implicados en la depresión y la recaída. Conclusiones: Aumentar el consumo de fibra dietética para potenciar la producción endógena de butirato representa una estrategia segura, accesible y mecanísticamente fundamentada para complementar las terapias existentes en la depresión relacionada con el TUA y la prevención de recaídas.

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