Burnout syndrome in dentistry, difficulties and search for solutions. A critical review.
Main Article Content
Abstract
Burnout syndrome (BOS) is defined as a gradual exhaustion of the individual that appears on people whose occupation requires direct contact with other people and providing them a helpful service. BOS tends to be associated with somatic and behavioral alterations, as well as emotional disorders. Dentists present an important workplace risk, since they are the most prone to suffer from BOS. Likewise, dentistry students present a varied prevalence of stress, generally due to the students’ attitudes, which are mostly aimed at perfection and excellence, as well as academic, social and institution-related factors. The aim of this review is to identify factors involved in BOS in dentistry and preventive measures in educational and professional contexts. BOS is characterized by being a persistent negative mental state showing fatigue, exhaustion and disappointment. The main physical reaction generated by academic stress in dentistry students was sleepiness with 10.8%, followed by increase in food consumption with 6.4%, and restlessness and despair with 5.2%. Students might be severely affected according to the adaptive response that they present, which is individual. On the one hand, they might face the challenges in a positive manner, managing to learn from them. On the other hand, the might lose control and not be able to face difficulties, thus being likely to develop pathological states of depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation, and dependency on alcohol or other hallucinogenic substances. Education agents are particularly relevant, since they contribute to the configuration of the students’ way of thinking and acting. Therefore, the integration of critical thinking and socioemotional abilities must be promoted and reinforced among the educational community. It is important to realize that the presence of BOS is not due to an individual weakness, but is a symptom that something is wrong with the educational institution.
References
AlFaris E, Irfan F, Qureshi R, Naeem N, Alshomrani A, Ponnamperuma G, Al Yousufi N, Al Maflehi N, Al Naami N, Jamal A, Van der Vleuten C. Health professions’ students have an alarming prevalence of depressive symptoms: exploration of the associated factors. BMC Med Educ. 2016;16(1): 279.
Alzahem A, Van der Molen H, Alaujan A, De Boer B. Stress management in dental students: a systematic review. Adv Med Educ Pract. 2014;5:167-176.
Arbildo-Vega H, Lecca-González M, Vidal-Mosquera A. Niveles de ansiedad en estudiantes de odontología de una universidad peruana. KIRU Revista de la Facultad de Odontología-Universidad de San Martín de Porres. 2014;11(2):143-7.
Arrieta-Vergara K, Fortich-Mesa N, Tirado-Amador L, Simancas-Pallares M. Trastornos mentales comunes y factores asociados en estudiantes de Odontología en Cartagena, Colombia. Rev Colomb Psiquiat. 2017; 48(1).
Atalayin C, Balkis M, Tezel H, Onal B, Kayrak G. The prevalence and consequences of burnout on a group of preclinical dental students. Eur J Dent. 2015;9(3):356.
Awa WL, Plaumann M, Walter U. Burnout prevention: A review of intervention programs. Patient Educ Couns. 2010;78(2):184-190.
Bathla M, Singh M, Kulhara P, Chandna S, Aneja J. Evaluation of anxiety, depression and suicidal intent in undergraduate dental students: A cross-sectional study. Contemp Clin Dent. 2015;6(2):215-222.
Bazalar M, Balarezo G. El síndrome de Burnout en los profesionales de Odontología. Paideia. 2016;5(6):114-125.
Brake HT, Gorter R, Hoogstraten J, Eijkman M. Burnout intervention among Dutch dentists: long- term effects. Eur J Oral Sci. 2001;109(6):380-7.
Brake HT, Smits N, Wicherts JM, Gorter RC, Hoogstraten J. Burnout development among dentists: a longitudinal study. Eur J Oral Sci. 2008;116(6):545-551.
Campos J, Zucoloto M, Martins D, Marôco J. Burnout Syndrome and alcohol consumption in dental students. Rev Bras Pesq Saúde. 2017;19(3):8-15.
Casan E, Casan M, Ocampo M, Brochero G, Ibañez C, Atala JL. El Síndrome de Burnout en Estudiantes de la Facultad Odontología de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Rev Fac Odont. 2017;27(3):10-15.
Dávila A, Ruiz R, Moncada L, Gallardo I. Niveles de ansiedad, depresión y percepción de apoyo social en estudiantes de Odontología de la Universidad de Chile. Rev Psicol. 2011;20(2):147-172.
Deeb GR, Braun S, Carrico C, Kinser P, Laskin D, Golob J. Burnout, depression and suicidal ideation in dental and dental hygiene students. Eur J Dent Educ. 2018;22(1):70-74.
Díaz S, Arrieta K, González F. Estrés académico y funcionalidad familiar en estudiantes de odontología. Rev Científ Salud Uninorte. 2014;30(2):121-132.
Elani HW, Allison, PJ, Kumar RA, Mancini L, Lambrou A, Bedos C. A systematic review of stress in dental students. J Dent Educ. 2014;78(2):226-242.
Flores M, Chávez M, Aragón L. Situaciones que generan ansiedad en estudiantes de Odontología. Journal of Behavior, Health & Social Issues. 2016;8(2):35-41.
Fonseca J, Divaris K, Villalba S, Pizarro S, Fernández M, Codjambassis A, Villa-Torres L, Polychronopoulou A. Perceived sources of stress amongst Chilean and Argentinean dental students. Eur J Dent Educ. 2013;17(1):30-38.
Galán F, Ríos-Santos JV, Polo J, Rios-Carrasco B, Bullón P. Burnout, depression and suicidal ideation in dental students. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2014;19(3):206-11.
Gil J, Cruz D. El burnout académico y el engagement en estudiantes de quinto año de Estomatología. Rev Edumecentro. 2018;10(4):37-53.
Gorter RC, Eijkman MA, Hoogstraten J. A career counseling program for dentists: effects on burnout. Patient Educ Couns. 2001;43(1):23-30.
Gorter R, Freeman R, Hammen S, Murtomaa H, Blinkhorn A, Humphris G. Psychological stress and health in undergraduate dental students: fifth year outcomes compared with first year baseline results from five European dental schools. Eur J Dent Educ. 2008;12(2):61-68.
Huayhua KY. Influencia del Síndrome de Burnout en el Rendimiento Académico de los estudiantes de la Clínica Odontológica. Revista Científica Investigación Andina. 2017;17(1):245-253.
Ibáñez E, Bicenty Á, Thomas Y, Martínez J. Prevalencia y factores asociados al Síndrome de Burnout en docentes de odontología Fundación Universitaria San Martín, año 2011. Rev Colomb Enferm. 2012;7(7):105-111.
Kulkarni S, Dagli N, Duraiswamy P, Desai H, Vyas H, Baroudi K. Stress and professional burnout among newly graduated dentists. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2016;6(6):535-541.
Kumar S, Dagli RJ, Mathur A, Jain M, Prabu D, Kulkarni S. Perceived sources of stress amongst Indian dental students. Eur J Dent Educ. 2009;13(1):39-45.
Loayza-Castro J, Correa-López L, Cabello-Vela C, Huamán-Garcia M, Cedillo-Ramírez L, Vela-Ruiz J, Pérez-Acuña L, Gonzales-Menéndez M, De La Cruz-Vargas J. Síndrome de burnout en estudiantes universitarios: tendencias actuales. Rev Fac Med Hum. 2016;16(1):31-36.
Macaya X, Vergara-Barra P, Rubí P. Competencias emocionales: una asignatura complementaria en el Plan de estudios de la carrera de Odontología. Humanid Méd. 2018;18(1):109-121.
Mafla A, Villa-Torres L, Polychronopoulou A, Polanco H, Moreno-Juvinao V, Parra-Galvis D, Durán C, Villalobos MJ, Divaris K. Burnout prevalence and correlates amongst Colombian dental students: the STRESSCODE study. Eur J Dent Educ. 2015;19(4):242-250.
Martos Á, Pérez-Fuentes M, Molero M, Gázquez J, Simón M, Barragán A. Burnout y engagement en estudiantes de Ciencias de la Salud. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ.2018;8(1):23-36.
Misrachi-Launert C, Ríos-Erazo M, Manríquez-Urbina J, Burgos-Ibarra C, Ponce-Espinoza D. Fuentes de estrés percibidas y rendimiento académico de estudiantes de odontología chilenos. FEM. 2015;18(2):109-116.
Montero-Marin J, Monticelli F, Casas M, Roman A, Tomas I, Gili M, García-Campayo J. Burnout syndrome among dental students: a short version of the “Burnout Clinical Subtype Questionnaire” adapted for students (BCSQ-12-SS). BMC Med Educ. 2011;11(1):103.
Montero-Marín J, Piva-Demarzo MM, Stapinski L, Gili M, García-Campayo J. Perceived stress latent factors and the burnout subtypes: a structural model in dental students. PloS One. 2014;9(6):e99765.
Muñoz F, Medina A, Carrasco D, Pérez C, Ortiz L. Antecedentes académicos como predictores de Burnout en estudiantes de primer año de Odontología. Educ Méd Super. 2017;31(2).
Peralta-Ayala R, Moya T. Síndrome de Burnout en estudiantes de Odontología. Dom Cien. 2017;3(1):432-442.
Pérez F, Caro P, Valenzuela B, Ortiz J, Narvaez J. Association of burnout with stress, coping strategies and vocational satisfaction in Chilean clinical dental students. J Oral Res. 2016;5(8):320-327.
Pérez F, Cartes-Velásquez R. Estrés y burnout en estudiantes de Odontología: una situación preocupante en la formación profesional. Rev Edumecentro. 2015;7(2):179-190.
Picasso-Pozo M, Huillca-Castillo N, Ávalos-Marquez J, Omori-Mitumori E, Gallardo-Schultz A, Salas-Chavez M. Síndrome de burnout en estudiantes de Odontología de una universidad peruana. KIRU Revista de la Facultad de Odontología-Universidad de San Martín de Porres. 2012;9(1).
Polychronopoulou A, Divaris K. A longitudinal study of Greek dental students’ perceived sources of stress. J Dent Educ. 2010;74(5):524-530.
Polychronopoulou A, Divaris K. Dental students’ perceived sources of stress: a multi-country study. J Dent Educ. 2009;73(5):631-639.
Rada RE, Johnson-Leong C. Stress, burnout, anxiety and depression among dentists. J Am Dent Assoc. 2004;135(6):788-794.
Sarrazola-Moncada A, Soto-Faduf JD, Carmona L, García M, Rojas G, Tabares V, Vásquez M. Trastornos emocionales y rendimiento académico en estudiantes de odontología. Rev Estomatol. 2017;25(1):25-30.
Shankarapillai R, Nair M, George R. The effect of yoga in stress reduction for dental students performing their first periodontal surgery: A randomized controlled study. Int J Yoga. 2012;5(1):48-51.
Singh P, Aulak DS, Mangat SS, Aulak MS. Systematic review: factors contributing to burnout in dentistry. Occup Med. 2015;66(1): 27-31.