Solucionando lo imposible. Heridas Penetrantes cardíacas, una serie de casos con abordaje diagnóstico y terapéutico
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Resumen
Durante mucho tiempo las heridas en el corazón eran un área prohibida para el cirujano. Cualquier persona con herida penetrante cardíaca estaba condenada a morir. Poco más de cien años han transcurrido desde la primera corrección quirúrgica de una herida penetrante cardíaca y sigue habiendo una tasa alta de mortalidad, a pesar de los avances médicos. Se presenta una serie de casos de 6 pacientes con heridas penetrantes cardíacas que reparadas en un hospital de tercer nivel de México, junto con revisión de la literatura. Desde el 2019 al 2020, hubo una incidencia de 6 pacientes con heridas penetrantes cardíacas; todos fueron hombres de 30 años o mayores. La etiología en 4 (67%) casos fueron heridas por arma blanca y 2 (33%) por herida por proyectil de arma de fuego. Se usó el abordaje por toracotomía anterolateral izquierda en 5 (83%) pacientes y esternotomía media en 1 (17%) paciente. Dos (33%) herida se suscitaron en el ventrículo izquierdo en conjunto con herida en arterias coronarias. Heridas en el ventrículo izquierdo y atrio derecho presenta una muerte del 50% cada una. La mortalidad total fue de 33%, 1 paciente falleció por complicaciones intraoperatorias y otro más por infarto cerebral masivo y síndrome poliúrico causado por diabetes insípida. Hay un gran camino por recorrer en el ámbito quirúrgico de este tipo de herida y más por ser analizado. Una herramienta útil para el diagnóstico del taponamiento cardíaco por herida penetrantes cardíacas es el ultrasonido cardíaco, y, por ende, debe ser usado en todo paciente con inestabilidad hemodinámica en el contexto de una herida penetrante cardíaca. Definitivamente, el tiempo es vida, y la sobrevivencia de estos pacientes dependientes del transporte inmediato a un hospital y una intervención quirúrgica oportuna.
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