Análisis y validación española del Peer Conflict Scale
Análisis y validación española del Peer Conflict Scale
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
El Peer Conflict Scale es una escala que nos permite la evaluación y cuantificación de la agresión de las diferentes formas de expresión, así como de los motivos que se esconden tras este tipo de conductas. Es por ello que, atendiendo a la necesidad de una evaluación conjunta de las diferentes formas en que se manifiesta la agresión entre adolescentes, así como al limitado número de instrumentos que atienden a este requerimiento, se lleva a cabo el presente trabajo, con el objetivo de validar la versión española del Peer Conflict Scale. Para ello, se utiliza una muestra de 822 alumnos de entre 13 y 18 años. Se analizan los 3 posibles modelos para la escala: el unidimensional, el que presenta 2 tipos de agresión (abierta y relacional), y el tercero, que presenta 4 tipos de agresión (agresión reactiva abierta, agresión reactiva relacional, agresión proactiva abierta y agresión proactiva relacional). Este último es el modelo que presenta el mejor nivel de ajuste y, por tanto, sería el modelo a aplicar en la población española de adolescentes.
Citas
Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, N., & Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 217---237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.004
Bobowik, M., Basabe, N., & Páez, D. (2015). The bright side of migration: Hedonic, psychological, and social well-being in immigrants in Spain. Social Science Research, 51, 189---2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2014.09.011
Bonanno, G., Brewin, C., Kaniasty, K., & La Greca, A. (2010). Weighing the cost of disaster: Consequences, risks, and resilience in individuals, families and communities. Psychological Science, 11, 1---49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1529100610387086
Campos, M., Iraurgui, J., Páez, D., & Velasco, C. (2004). Afrontamiento y regulación emocional de hechos estresantes: Un meta-análisis de 13 estudios [Coping and emotional regulation of stressful events: A meta-analysis of 13 studies]. Boletín de Psicología, 82, 25---44.
Cann, A., Calhoun, L., Tedeschi, R., Taku, K., Vishnevsky, T., Triplett, K., et al. (2010). A short form of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 23, 127---137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10615800903094273
Carver, C. (2011). Coping. In R. J. Contrada, & A. Baum (Eds.), The handbook of stress science: Biology, psychology, and health (pp. 221---229). New York: Springer Publishing Company, LLC.
Carver, C., & Connor-Smith, J. (2010). Personality and coping. Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 679---704. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100352
Connor-Smith, J., & Flachsbart, C. (2007). Relations between personality and coping: A meta-analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 1080---1107. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1037/0022-3514.93.6.1080
Cury, M. (2007). Tras el silencio [Beyond the silence]. Arteterapia --- Papeles de arteterapia y educación artística para la inclusión social, 2, 71---86.
Díaz, L. (2011). (Post earthquake effects on the psychosocial and participation dimensions, by gender) Impactos post terremoto en las dimensiones psicosocial y de participación, según sexo. Santiago de Chile: MIDEPLAN/PNUD. Retrieved from http://www.mideplan.cl/btca/txtcompleto/ mideplan/impactoposterremoto.pdf
Espinosa, A., Ferrándiz, J., & Rottenbacher, J. (2011). Valores, comportamiento prosocial y crecimiento personal en estudiantes universitarios después del terremoto del 15 de agosto de 2007 [Values, prosocial behavior, and personal growth in college students after the earthquake of August 15, 2007]. Liberabit, 17(1), 49---58.
Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. (1988). Ways of Coping Questionnaire. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychology Press.
Gasparre, A., Bosco, S., & Bellelli, G. (2010). Cognitive and social consequences of participation in social rituals: Collective coping, social support, and posttraumatic growth in the victims of Guatemala genocide. Revista de Psicología Social. International Journal of Social Psychology, 25, 35---46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1174/021347410790193513
Halperin, E., Porat, R., Tamir, M., & Gross, J. J. (2013). Can emotion regulation change political attitudes in intractable conflicts? From the laboratory to the field. Psychological Science, 24, 106---111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797612452572
Hawdon, J., & Ryan, J. (2011). Social relations that generate and sustain solidarity after a mass tragedy. Social Forces, 89, 1363---1384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sf/89.4.1363
Helgeson, V. S., Reynolds, K., & Tomich, P. (2006). A metaanalytic review of benefit finding and growth. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 5, 797---816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.74.5.797
Hobfoll, S., Schröder, K., Wells, M., & Malek, M. (2002). Communal versus individualistic construction of sense of mastery in facing life challenges. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 21, 362---399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.21.4.362.22596
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1---55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Janoff-Bulman, R. (1992). Shattered assumptions: Towards a new psychology of trauma. New York: The Free Press.
Kaniasty, K., & Norris, F. H. (1993). A test of the social support deterioration model in the context of natural disaster. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 395---408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.64.3.395
Keyes, C. (1998). Social well-being. Social Psychology Quarterly, 61, 121---140. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2787065
Larrañaga, O., & Herrera, R. (2011). (Post earthquake survey: Key findings. Effects on quality of life of people affected by the earthquake/tsunami) Encuesta post terremoto: Principales resultados. Efectos en la calidad de vida de la población afectada por el terremoto/tsunami. Santiago de Chile: MIDEPLAN/PNUD. Retrieved from http://www. ministeriodesarrollosocial.gob.cl/pdf/informe-encuesta-postterremoto.pdf
Larsen, R., & Prizmic, Z. (2006). Multimethod measurement of emotion. In M. Eidand, & E. Diener (Eds.), Handbook of measurement: A multimethod perspective (pp. 337---352). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Little, L. M., Kluemper, D., Nelson, D. L., & Gooty, J. (2011). Development and validation of the interpersonal emotion management scale. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 85, 407---420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ j.2044-8325.2011.02042.x
Lyons, R. F., Mickelson, K. D., Sullivan, M. J. L., & Coyne, J. C. (1998). Coping as a communal process. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 15(5), 579---605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407598155001
McRae, K., Heller, S., John, O. P., & Gross, J. J. (2011). Contextdependent emotion regulation: Suppression and reappraisal at the Burning Man festival. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 33(4), 346---350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01973533. 2011.614170
ODHAG, Human Rights Office of the Archdiocese of Guatemala. (1998). (Inter Diocesan Project Report of Recovery of Historical Memory in Guatemala: Never Again Vol I, II and III. Impact of Violence) Informe Proyecto Inter Diocesano de Recuperación de la Memoria Histórica Guatemala: Nunca Más. Vol. I, II y III. Impactos de la Violencia. Tibás, Costa Rica: LIL/Archdiocese of Guatemala.
Páez, D., Basabe, N., & Rimé, B. (2005). Procesos y efectos psico-sociales de los rituales políticos el 11-M [Processes and psycho-social effects of political rituals 11-M]. Revista de Psicología Social. International Journal of Social Psychology, 20(3), 369---385.
Páez, D., Basabe, N., Ubillos, S., & González, J. L. (2007). Social sharing, participations in demonstrations, emotional climate and coping with collective violence after March 11th Madrid bombings. Journal of Social Issues, 63(2), 323---337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2007.00511.x
Páez, D., & Rimé, B. (2014). Collective Emotional Gatherings. Their impact upon identity fusion, shared beliefs and social integration. In M. Salmela, & C. Von Scheve (Eds.), Collective Emotions (pp. 204---216). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Poulin, M. J., Silver, R. C., Gil-Rivas, V., Holman, E. A., & McIntosh, D. N. (2009). Finding social benefits after a collective trauma: Perceiving societal changes and well-being following 9/11. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22, 81---90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jts.20391
Prati, G., & Pietrantoni, L. (2009). Optimism, social support, and coping strategies as factors contributing to posttraumatic growth: A meta-analysis. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 14, 364---388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15325020902724271
Silver, R., Boon, C., & Stones, M. (1983). Searching for meaning in misfortune: Making sense of incest. Journal of Social Issues, 39, 81---102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ j.1540-4560.1983.tb00142.x
Skinner, E. A., Edge, K., Altman, J., & Sherwood, H. (2003). Searching for the structure of coping. Psychological Bulletin, 129(2), 216---269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.2.216
Soriano, E., Franco, C., & Justo, E. (2009). Reducing psychological distress in immigrants living in Spain through the practice of flow meditation. European Journal of Education and Psychology, 2(3), 223---233.
Steiger, J. H. (2007). Understanding the limitations of global fit assessment in structural equation modeling. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(5), 893---898. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.09.017
Tait, R., & Silver, R. (1989). Coming to terms with major negative life events. In J. Uleman, & J. Bargh (Eds.), Unintended thought (pp. 351---381). New York: Guilford Press.
Tang, C. (2006). Positive and negative postdisaster psychological adjustment among adult survivors of the Southeast Asian earthquake-tsunami. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 61, 699---705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2006.07.014
Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The Posttraumatic Growth inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9, 455---471. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1007/BF02103658
Vázquez, C., & Páez, D. (2011). Posttraumatic growth in Spain. In T. Weiss, & R. Berger (Eds.), Posttraumatic growth and culturally competent practice (pp. 97---112). New York: Wiley & Sons.
Villagrán, L., Reyes, C., & Wlodarczyk, A. (2014). Afrontamiento Comunal, Crecimiento Postraumático Colectivo y Bienestar Social en contexto de Terremoto [Communal coping, collective posttraumatic growth and social well-being in context earthquake in Chile on 27th of February, 2010]. Terapia psicológica, 32(3), 243---254. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/ S0718-48082014000300007
Wong, P., Reker, G., & Peacock, E. (2006). The resource-congruence model of coping and the development of the coping schemas inventory. In P. T. P. Wong, & L. C. J. Wong (Eds.), Handbook of Multicultural perspectives on stress and coping (pp. 223---283). New York, NY: Springer.
Web, T., Miles, E., & Sheeran, P. (2012). Dealing with feeling: A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of strategies derived from the process model of emotion regulation. Psychological Bulletin, 138(4), 775---808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0027600
Bobowik, M., Basabe, N., & Páez, D. (2015). The bright side of migration: Hedonic, psychological, and social well-being in immigrants in Spain. Social Science Research, 51, 189---2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2014.09.011
Bonanno, G., Brewin, C., Kaniasty, K., & La Greca, A. (2010). Weighing the cost of disaster: Consequences, risks, and resilience in individuals, families and communities. Psychological Science, 11, 1---49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1529100610387086
Campos, M., Iraurgui, J., Páez, D., & Velasco, C. (2004). Afrontamiento y regulación emocional de hechos estresantes: Un meta-análisis de 13 estudios [Coping and emotional regulation of stressful events: A meta-analysis of 13 studies]. Boletín de Psicología, 82, 25---44.
Cann, A., Calhoun, L., Tedeschi, R., Taku, K., Vishnevsky, T., Triplett, K., et al. (2010). A short form of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 23, 127---137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10615800903094273
Carver, C. (2011). Coping. In R. J. Contrada, & A. Baum (Eds.), The handbook of stress science: Biology, psychology, and health (pp. 221---229). New York: Springer Publishing Company, LLC.
Carver, C., & Connor-Smith, J. (2010). Personality and coping. Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 679---704. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100352
Connor-Smith, J., & Flachsbart, C. (2007). Relations between personality and coping: A meta-analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 1080---1107. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1037/0022-3514.93.6.1080
Cury, M. (2007). Tras el silencio [Beyond the silence]. Arteterapia --- Papeles de arteterapia y educación artística para la inclusión social, 2, 71---86.
Díaz, L. (2011). (Post earthquake effects on the psychosocial and participation dimensions, by gender) Impactos post terremoto en las dimensiones psicosocial y de participación, según sexo. Santiago de Chile: MIDEPLAN/PNUD. Retrieved from http://www.mideplan.cl/btca/txtcompleto/ mideplan/impactoposterremoto.pdf
Espinosa, A., Ferrándiz, J., & Rottenbacher, J. (2011). Valores, comportamiento prosocial y crecimiento personal en estudiantes universitarios después del terremoto del 15 de agosto de 2007 [Values, prosocial behavior, and personal growth in college students after the earthquake of August 15, 2007]. Liberabit, 17(1), 49---58.
Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. (1988). Ways of Coping Questionnaire. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychology Press.
Gasparre, A., Bosco, S., & Bellelli, G. (2010). Cognitive and social consequences of participation in social rituals: Collective coping, social support, and posttraumatic growth in the victims of Guatemala genocide. Revista de Psicología Social. International Journal of Social Psychology, 25, 35---46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1174/021347410790193513
Halperin, E., Porat, R., Tamir, M., & Gross, J. J. (2013). Can emotion regulation change political attitudes in intractable conflicts? From the laboratory to the field. Psychological Science, 24, 106---111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797612452572
Hawdon, J., & Ryan, J. (2011). Social relations that generate and sustain solidarity after a mass tragedy. Social Forces, 89, 1363---1384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sf/89.4.1363
Helgeson, V. S., Reynolds, K., & Tomich, P. (2006). A metaanalytic review of benefit finding and growth. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 5, 797---816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.74.5.797
Hobfoll, S., Schröder, K., Wells, M., & Malek, M. (2002). Communal versus individualistic construction of sense of mastery in facing life challenges. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 21, 362---399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.21.4.362.22596
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1---55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Janoff-Bulman, R. (1992). Shattered assumptions: Towards a new psychology of trauma. New York: The Free Press.
Kaniasty, K., & Norris, F. H. (1993). A test of the social support deterioration model in the context of natural disaster. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 395---408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.64.3.395
Keyes, C. (1998). Social well-being. Social Psychology Quarterly, 61, 121---140. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2787065
Larrañaga, O., & Herrera, R. (2011). (Post earthquake survey: Key findings. Effects on quality of life of people affected by the earthquake/tsunami) Encuesta post terremoto: Principales resultados. Efectos en la calidad de vida de la población afectada por el terremoto/tsunami. Santiago de Chile: MIDEPLAN/PNUD. Retrieved from http://www. ministeriodesarrollosocial.gob.cl/pdf/informe-encuesta-postterremoto.pdf
Larsen, R., & Prizmic, Z. (2006). Multimethod measurement of emotion. In M. Eidand, & E. Diener (Eds.), Handbook of measurement: A multimethod perspective (pp. 337---352). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Little, L. M., Kluemper, D., Nelson, D. L., & Gooty, J. (2011). Development and validation of the interpersonal emotion management scale. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 85, 407---420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ j.2044-8325.2011.02042.x
Lyons, R. F., Mickelson, K. D., Sullivan, M. J. L., & Coyne, J. C. (1998). Coping as a communal process. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 15(5), 579---605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407598155001
McRae, K., Heller, S., John, O. P., & Gross, J. J. (2011). Contextdependent emotion regulation: Suppression and reappraisal at the Burning Man festival. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 33(4), 346---350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01973533. 2011.614170
ODHAG, Human Rights Office of the Archdiocese of Guatemala. (1998). (Inter Diocesan Project Report of Recovery of Historical Memory in Guatemala: Never Again Vol I, II and III. Impact of Violence) Informe Proyecto Inter Diocesano de Recuperación de la Memoria Histórica Guatemala: Nunca Más. Vol. I, II y III. Impactos de la Violencia. Tibás, Costa Rica: LIL/Archdiocese of Guatemala.
Páez, D., Basabe, N., & Rimé, B. (2005). Procesos y efectos psico-sociales de los rituales políticos el 11-M [Processes and psycho-social effects of political rituals 11-M]. Revista de Psicología Social. International Journal of Social Psychology, 20(3), 369---385.
Páez, D., Basabe, N., Ubillos, S., & González, J. L. (2007). Social sharing, participations in demonstrations, emotional climate and coping with collective violence after March 11th Madrid bombings. Journal of Social Issues, 63(2), 323---337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2007.00511.x
Páez, D., & Rimé, B. (2014). Collective Emotional Gatherings. Their impact upon identity fusion, shared beliefs and social integration. In M. Salmela, & C. Von Scheve (Eds.), Collective Emotions (pp. 204---216). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Poulin, M. J., Silver, R. C., Gil-Rivas, V., Holman, E. A., & McIntosh, D. N. (2009). Finding social benefits after a collective trauma: Perceiving societal changes and well-being following 9/11. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22, 81---90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jts.20391
Prati, G., & Pietrantoni, L. (2009). Optimism, social support, and coping strategies as factors contributing to posttraumatic growth: A meta-analysis. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 14, 364---388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15325020902724271
Silver, R., Boon, C., & Stones, M. (1983). Searching for meaning in misfortune: Making sense of incest. Journal of Social Issues, 39, 81---102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ j.1540-4560.1983.tb00142.x
Skinner, E. A., Edge, K., Altman, J., & Sherwood, H. (2003). Searching for the structure of coping. Psychological Bulletin, 129(2), 216---269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.2.216
Soriano, E., Franco, C., & Justo, E. (2009). Reducing psychological distress in immigrants living in Spain through the practice of flow meditation. European Journal of Education and Psychology, 2(3), 223---233.
Steiger, J. H. (2007). Understanding the limitations of global fit assessment in structural equation modeling. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(5), 893---898. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.09.017
Tait, R., & Silver, R. (1989). Coming to terms with major negative life events. In J. Uleman, & J. Bargh (Eds.), Unintended thought (pp. 351---381). New York: Guilford Press.
Tang, C. (2006). Positive and negative postdisaster psychological adjustment among adult survivors of the Southeast Asian earthquake-tsunami. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 61, 699---705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2006.07.014
Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The Posttraumatic Growth inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9, 455---471. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1007/BF02103658
Vázquez, C., & Páez, D. (2011). Posttraumatic growth in Spain. In T. Weiss, & R. Berger (Eds.), Posttraumatic growth and culturally competent practice (pp. 97---112). New York: Wiley & Sons.
Villagrán, L., Reyes, C., & Wlodarczyk, A. (2014). Afrontamiento Comunal, Crecimiento Postraumático Colectivo y Bienestar Social en contexto de Terremoto [Communal coping, collective posttraumatic growth and social well-being in context earthquake in Chile on 27th of February, 2010]. Terapia psicológica, 32(3), 243---254. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/ S0718-48082014000300007
Wong, P., Reker, G., & Peacock, E. (2006). The resource-congruence model of coping and the development of the coping schemas inventory. In P. T. P. Wong, & L. C. J. Wong (Eds.), Handbook of Multicultural perspectives on stress and coping (pp. 223---283). New York, NY: Springer.
Web, T., Miles, E., & Sheeran, P. (2012). Dealing with feeling: A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of strategies derived from the process model of emotion regulation. Psychological Bulletin, 138(4), 775---808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0027600