Spanish analysis and validation of Peer Conflict Scale
Spanish analysis and validation of Peer Conflict Scale
Main Article Content
Abstract
The Peer Conflict Scale is a scale used for the evaluation and quantification of aggression in different forms of expression, as well as the hidden motives behind this type of behaviour. Therefore, in view of the need for a combined evaluation of the different ways in which aggression is manifested in adolescents, this study was carried out to validate the Spanish version of the Peer Conflict Scale. A sample of 822 secondary school students aged 13 to 18 was used for this. Three possible models were analysed for this scale: a one-dimensional model, a model with two types of aggression, physical and relational, and a third with four types of aggression (physical reactive aggression, relational reactive aggression, physical pro-active aggression, and relational pro-active aggression). The last is the model which shows the best fit, and therefore, is the one applied to the Spanish adolescent population.
References
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Espinosa, A., Ferrándiz, J., & Rottenbacher, J. (2011). Valores, comportamiento prosocial y crecimiento personal en estudiantes universitarios después del terremoto del 15 de agosto de 2007 [Values, prosocial behavior, and personal growth in college students after the earthquake of August 15, 2007]. Liberabit, 17(1), 49---58.
Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. (1988). Ways of Coping Questionnaire. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychology Press.
Gasparre, A., Bosco, S., & Bellelli, G. (2010). Cognitive and social consequences of participation in social rituals: Collective coping, social support, and posttraumatic growth in the victims of Guatemala genocide. Revista de Psicología Social. International Journal of Social Psychology, 25, 35---46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1174/021347410790193513
Halperin, E., Porat, R., Tamir, M., & Gross, J. J. (2013). Can emotion regulation change political attitudes in intractable conflicts? From the laboratory to the field. Psychological Science, 24, 106---111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797612452572
Hawdon, J., & Ryan, J. (2011). Social relations that generate and sustain solidarity after a mass tragedy. Social Forces, 89, 1363---1384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sf/89.4.1363
Helgeson, V. S., Reynolds, K., & Tomich, P. (2006). A metaanalytic review of benefit finding and growth. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 5, 797---816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.74.5.797
Hobfoll, S., Schröder, K., Wells, M., & Malek, M. (2002). Communal versus individualistic construction of sense of mastery in facing life challenges. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 21, 362---399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.21.4.362.22596
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1---55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Janoff-Bulman, R. (1992). Shattered assumptions: Towards a new psychology of trauma. New York: The Free Press.
Kaniasty, K., & Norris, F. H. (1993). A test of the social support deterioration model in the context of natural disaster. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 395---408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.64.3.395
Keyes, C. (1998). Social well-being. Social Psychology Quarterly, 61, 121---140. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2787065
Larrañaga, O., & Herrera, R. (2011). (Post earthquake survey: Key findings. Effects on quality of life of people affected by the earthquake/tsunami) Encuesta post terremoto: Principales resultados. Efectos en la calidad de vida de la población afectada por el terremoto/tsunami. Santiago de Chile: MIDEPLAN/PNUD. Retrieved from http://www. ministeriodesarrollosocial.gob.cl/pdf/informe-encuesta-postterremoto.pdf
Larsen, R., & Prizmic, Z. (2006). Multimethod measurement of emotion. In M. Eidand, & E. Diener (Eds.), Handbook of measurement: A multimethod perspective (pp. 337---352). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Little, L. M., Kluemper, D., Nelson, D. L., & Gooty, J. (2011). Development and validation of the interpersonal emotion management scale. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 85, 407---420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ j.2044-8325.2011.02042.x
Lyons, R. F., Mickelson, K. D., Sullivan, M. J. L., & Coyne, J. C. (1998). Coping as a communal process. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 15(5), 579---605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407598155001
McRae, K., Heller, S., John, O. P., & Gross, J. J. (2011). Contextdependent emotion regulation: Suppression and reappraisal at the Burning Man festival. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 33(4), 346---350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01973533. 2011.614170
ODHAG, Human Rights Office of the Archdiocese of Guatemala. (1998). (Inter Diocesan Project Report of Recovery of Historical Memory in Guatemala: Never Again Vol I, II and III. Impact of Violence) Informe Proyecto Inter Diocesano de Recuperación de la Memoria Histórica Guatemala: Nunca Más. Vol. I, II y III. Impactos de la Violencia. Tibás, Costa Rica: LIL/Archdiocese of Guatemala.
Páez, D., Basabe, N., & Rimé, B. (2005). Procesos y efectos psico-sociales de los rituales políticos el 11-M [Processes and psycho-social effects of political rituals 11-M]. Revista de Psicología Social. International Journal of Social Psychology, 20(3), 369---385.
Páez, D., Basabe, N., Ubillos, S., & González, J. L. (2007). Social sharing, participations in demonstrations, emotional climate and coping with collective violence after March 11th Madrid bombings. Journal of Social Issues, 63(2), 323---337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2007.00511.x
Páez, D., & Rimé, B. (2014). Collective Emotional Gatherings. Their impact upon identity fusion, shared beliefs and social integration. In M. Salmela, & C. Von Scheve (Eds.), Collective Emotions (pp. 204---216). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Poulin, M. J., Silver, R. C., Gil-Rivas, V., Holman, E. A., & McIntosh, D. N. (2009). Finding social benefits after a collective trauma: Perceiving societal changes and well-being following 9/11. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22, 81---90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jts.20391
Prati, G., & Pietrantoni, L. (2009). Optimism, social support, and coping strategies as factors contributing to posttraumatic growth: A meta-analysis. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 14, 364---388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15325020902724271
Silver, R., Boon, C., & Stones, M. (1983). Searching for meaning in misfortune: Making sense of incest. Journal of Social Issues, 39, 81---102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ j.1540-4560.1983.tb00142.x
Skinner, E. A., Edge, K., Altman, J., & Sherwood, H. (2003). Searching for the structure of coping. Psychological Bulletin, 129(2), 216---269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.2.216
Soriano, E., Franco, C., & Justo, E. (2009). Reducing psychological distress in immigrants living in Spain through the practice of flow meditation. European Journal of Education and Psychology, 2(3), 223---233.
Steiger, J. H. (2007). Understanding the limitations of global fit assessment in structural equation modeling. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(5), 893---898. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.09.017
Tait, R., & Silver, R. (1989). Coming to terms with major negative life events. In J. Uleman, & J. Bargh (Eds.), Unintended thought (pp. 351---381). New York: Guilford Press.
Tang, C. (2006). Positive and negative postdisaster psychological adjustment among adult survivors of the Southeast Asian earthquake-tsunami. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 61, 699---705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2006.07.014
Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The Posttraumatic Growth inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9, 455---471. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1007/BF02103658
Vázquez, C., & Páez, D. (2011). Posttraumatic growth in Spain. In T. Weiss, & R. Berger (Eds.), Posttraumatic growth and culturally competent practice (pp. 97---112). New York: Wiley & Sons.
Villagrán, L., Reyes, C., & Wlodarczyk, A. (2014). Afrontamiento Comunal, Crecimiento Postraumático Colectivo y Bienestar Social en contexto de Terremoto [Communal coping, collective posttraumatic growth and social well-being in context earthquake in Chile on 27th of February, 2010]. Terapia psicológica, 32(3), 243---254. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/ S0718-48082014000300007
Wong, P., Reker, G., & Peacock, E. (2006). The resource-congruence model of coping and the development of the coping schemas inventory. In P. T. P. Wong, & L. C. J. Wong (Eds.), Handbook of Multicultural perspectives on stress and coping (pp. 223---283). New York, NY: Springer.
Web, T., Miles, E., & Sheeran, P. (2012). Dealing with feeling: A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of strategies derived from the process model of emotion regulation. Psychological Bulletin, 138(4), 775---808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0027600
Bobowik, M., Basabe, N., & Páez, D. (2015). The bright side of migration: Hedonic, psychological, and social well-being in immigrants in Spain. Social Science Research, 51, 189---2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2014.09.011
Bonanno, G., Brewin, C., Kaniasty, K., & La Greca, A. (2010). Weighing the cost of disaster: Consequences, risks, and resilience in individuals, families and communities. Psychological Science, 11, 1---49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1529100610387086
Campos, M., Iraurgui, J., Páez, D., & Velasco, C. (2004). Afrontamiento y regulación emocional de hechos estresantes: Un meta-análisis de 13 estudios [Coping and emotional regulation of stressful events: A meta-analysis of 13 studies]. Boletín de Psicología, 82, 25---44.
Cann, A., Calhoun, L., Tedeschi, R., Taku, K., Vishnevsky, T., Triplett, K., et al. (2010). A short form of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 23, 127---137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10615800903094273
Carver, C. (2011). Coping. In R. J. Contrada, & A. Baum (Eds.), The handbook of stress science: Biology, psychology, and health (pp. 221---229). New York: Springer Publishing Company, LLC.
Carver, C., & Connor-Smith, J. (2010). Personality and coping. Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 679---704. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100352
Connor-Smith, J., & Flachsbart, C. (2007). Relations between personality and coping: A meta-analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 1080---1107. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1037/0022-3514.93.6.1080
Cury, M. (2007). Tras el silencio [Beyond the silence]. Arteterapia --- Papeles de arteterapia y educación artística para la inclusión social, 2, 71---86.
Díaz, L. (2011). (Post earthquake effects on the psychosocial and participation dimensions, by gender) Impactos post terremoto en las dimensiones psicosocial y de participación, según sexo. Santiago de Chile: MIDEPLAN/PNUD. Retrieved from http://www.mideplan.cl/btca/txtcompleto/ mideplan/impactoposterremoto.pdf
Espinosa, A., Ferrándiz, J., & Rottenbacher, J. (2011). Valores, comportamiento prosocial y crecimiento personal en estudiantes universitarios después del terremoto del 15 de agosto de 2007 [Values, prosocial behavior, and personal growth in college students after the earthquake of August 15, 2007]. Liberabit, 17(1), 49---58.
Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. (1988). Ways of Coping Questionnaire. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychology Press.
Gasparre, A., Bosco, S., & Bellelli, G. (2010). Cognitive and social consequences of participation in social rituals: Collective coping, social support, and posttraumatic growth in the victims of Guatemala genocide. Revista de Psicología Social. International Journal of Social Psychology, 25, 35---46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1174/021347410790193513
Halperin, E., Porat, R., Tamir, M., & Gross, J. J. (2013). Can emotion regulation change political attitudes in intractable conflicts? From the laboratory to the field. Psychological Science, 24, 106---111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797612452572
Hawdon, J., & Ryan, J. (2011). Social relations that generate and sustain solidarity after a mass tragedy. Social Forces, 89, 1363---1384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sf/89.4.1363
Helgeson, V. S., Reynolds, K., & Tomich, P. (2006). A metaanalytic review of benefit finding and growth. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 5, 797---816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.74.5.797
Hobfoll, S., Schröder, K., Wells, M., & Malek, M. (2002). Communal versus individualistic construction of sense of mastery in facing life challenges. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 21, 362---399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.21.4.362.22596
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1---55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Janoff-Bulman, R. (1992). Shattered assumptions: Towards a new psychology of trauma. New York: The Free Press.
Kaniasty, K., & Norris, F. H. (1993). A test of the social support deterioration model in the context of natural disaster. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 395---408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.64.3.395
Keyes, C. (1998). Social well-being. Social Psychology Quarterly, 61, 121---140. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2787065
Larrañaga, O., & Herrera, R. (2011). (Post earthquake survey: Key findings. Effects on quality of life of people affected by the earthquake/tsunami) Encuesta post terremoto: Principales resultados. Efectos en la calidad de vida de la población afectada por el terremoto/tsunami. Santiago de Chile: MIDEPLAN/PNUD. Retrieved from http://www. ministeriodesarrollosocial.gob.cl/pdf/informe-encuesta-postterremoto.pdf
Larsen, R., & Prizmic, Z. (2006). Multimethod measurement of emotion. In M. Eidand, & E. Diener (Eds.), Handbook of measurement: A multimethod perspective (pp. 337---352). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Little, L. M., Kluemper, D., Nelson, D. L., & Gooty, J. (2011). Development and validation of the interpersonal emotion management scale. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 85, 407---420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ j.2044-8325.2011.02042.x
Lyons, R. F., Mickelson, K. D., Sullivan, M. J. L., & Coyne, J. C. (1998). Coping as a communal process. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 15(5), 579---605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407598155001
McRae, K., Heller, S., John, O. P., & Gross, J. J. (2011). Contextdependent emotion regulation: Suppression and reappraisal at the Burning Man festival. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 33(4), 346---350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01973533. 2011.614170
ODHAG, Human Rights Office of the Archdiocese of Guatemala. (1998). (Inter Diocesan Project Report of Recovery of Historical Memory in Guatemala: Never Again Vol I, II and III. Impact of Violence) Informe Proyecto Inter Diocesano de Recuperación de la Memoria Histórica Guatemala: Nunca Más. Vol. I, II y III. Impactos de la Violencia. Tibás, Costa Rica: LIL/Archdiocese of Guatemala.
Páez, D., Basabe, N., & Rimé, B. (2005). Procesos y efectos psico-sociales de los rituales políticos el 11-M [Processes and psycho-social effects of political rituals 11-M]. Revista de Psicología Social. International Journal of Social Psychology, 20(3), 369---385.
Páez, D., Basabe, N., Ubillos, S., & González, J. L. (2007). Social sharing, participations in demonstrations, emotional climate and coping with collective violence after March 11th Madrid bombings. Journal of Social Issues, 63(2), 323---337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2007.00511.x
Páez, D., & Rimé, B. (2014). Collective Emotional Gatherings. Their impact upon identity fusion, shared beliefs and social integration. In M. Salmela, & C. Von Scheve (Eds.), Collective Emotions (pp. 204---216). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Poulin, M. J., Silver, R. C., Gil-Rivas, V., Holman, E. A., & McIntosh, D. N. (2009). Finding social benefits after a collective trauma: Perceiving societal changes and well-being following 9/11. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22, 81---90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jts.20391
Prati, G., & Pietrantoni, L. (2009). Optimism, social support, and coping strategies as factors contributing to posttraumatic growth: A meta-analysis. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 14, 364---388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15325020902724271
Silver, R., Boon, C., & Stones, M. (1983). Searching for meaning in misfortune: Making sense of incest. Journal of Social Issues, 39, 81---102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ j.1540-4560.1983.tb00142.x
Skinner, E. A., Edge, K., Altman, J., & Sherwood, H. (2003). Searching for the structure of coping. Psychological Bulletin, 129(2), 216---269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.2.216
Soriano, E., Franco, C., & Justo, E. (2009). Reducing psychological distress in immigrants living in Spain through the practice of flow meditation. European Journal of Education and Psychology, 2(3), 223---233.
Steiger, J. H. (2007). Understanding the limitations of global fit assessment in structural equation modeling. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(5), 893---898. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.09.017
Tait, R., & Silver, R. (1989). Coming to terms with major negative life events. In J. Uleman, & J. Bargh (Eds.), Unintended thought (pp. 351---381). New York: Guilford Press.
Tang, C. (2006). Positive and negative postdisaster psychological adjustment among adult survivors of the Southeast Asian earthquake-tsunami. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 61, 699---705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2006.07.014
Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The Posttraumatic Growth inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9, 455---471. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1007/BF02103658
Vázquez, C., & Páez, D. (2011). Posttraumatic growth in Spain. In T. Weiss, & R. Berger (Eds.), Posttraumatic growth and culturally competent practice (pp. 97---112). New York: Wiley & Sons.
Villagrán, L., Reyes, C., & Wlodarczyk, A. (2014). Afrontamiento Comunal, Crecimiento Postraumático Colectivo y Bienestar Social en contexto de Terremoto [Communal coping, collective posttraumatic growth and social well-being in context earthquake in Chile on 27th of February, 2010]. Terapia psicológica, 32(3), 243---254. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/ S0718-48082014000300007
Wong, P., Reker, G., & Peacock, E. (2006). The resource-congruence model of coping and the development of the coping schemas inventory. In P. T. P. Wong, & L. C. J. Wong (Eds.), Handbook of Multicultural perspectives on stress and coping (pp. 223---283). New York, NY: Springer.
Web, T., Miles, E., & Sheeran, P. (2012). Dealing with feeling: A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of strategies derived from the process model of emotion regulation. Psychological Bulletin, 138(4), 775---808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0027600