Programas de prevención del suicidio en adolescentes: una revisión sistemática

Programas de prevención del suicidio en adolescentes: una revisión sistemática

Contenido principal del artículo

María González Sánchez
Pedro Gil Madrona
Luisa Losada Puente
Ramón García Perales

Resumen

El objetivo del estudio fue realizar una revisión sistemática de los programas de prevención del suicidio en adolescentes, guiada por la declaración PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). Se realizó una búsqueda en bases de datos internacionales (PsycInfo, Scopus y Web of Science), empleando como criterios de inclusión: (a) programas de prevención del suicidio o mejora de la salud mental; (b) destinados a adolescentes, o (c) formación de adultos en prevención del suicidio en adolescentes. Se seleccionaron estudios de los últimos cinco años, periodo 2019-2023. Se excluyeron estudios de caso único para evitar posibles sesgos asociados a estudios individuales. La muestra inicial se compuso de 4.320 artículos, mientras que, tras un análisis exhaustivo de los artículos, la muestra final se compuso de 20 artículos con programas desarrollados, principalmente, en Estados Unidos (n = 7) y Australia (n = 5), en su mayoría, dirigidos a adolescentes de 12-22 años (n = 18). Los resultados respaldaron la relevancia de estos programas para reducir la ideación suicida, aumentar la confianza y conocer herramientas e instituciones de prevención del suicidio. Destacaron actividades centradas en la detección, conocimiento y búsqueda de ayuda, En ocho estudios, se encontró que el programa realizado tuvo un mayor impacto en mujeres, dado que pusieron en práctica los aprendizajes de los talleres realizados. En conclusión, se constataron los beneficios de la prevención ante el riesgo de suicidio en adolescentes, destacándose algunas características esenciales; además, su escasa presencia en España ofrece un campo de trabajo de interés, observándose la importancia de incorporar la actividad física como aspecto clave de abordar la presión, depresión y estrés asociados al riesgo de suicido en adolescentes.

Citas

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