Proposal for a Humanization Model based on Personal Competencies: HUMAS Model
Proposal for a Humanization Model based on Personal Competencies: HUMAS Model
Main Article Content
Abstract
Although today the concept of humanization is very present in the care environment, there is no clear definition of what can be understood by humanizing care. The aim of collaborating in the realization of a term that has a clear multifactorial composition, the creation of a model to explain the skills and attitudes that must be developed by a healthcare professional to incorporate Humanization in the exercise of his profession. In the proposed model, humanization is defined as a set of personal competences that allow the development of professional activity, within the health field, ensuring dignity and respect for the human being. It is therefore an activity focused on the improvement of health care, both physical, mental and emotional, aimed at patients and relatives, as well as the healthcare professionals themselves. The theoretical model proposed HUMAS focuses on psychological processes, on the personal skills that train health professionals to offer the patient quality care. Thus, the professional, with all the resources available in the social and health system and in the patient’s environment, it also requires the acquisition and development of personal skills, including optimism, sociability, emotional understanding, self-efficacy and involvement, understood as essential to contribute to positive professional performance, based on humanization, such as the HUMAS model.
References
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10.1097/ACM.0000000000001077
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70(5), 1040-1047. DOI: 10.1590/0034-7167-2016-0281
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Animals. American Family Physician, 94(9), 737.
Martos, Á., Pérez-Fuentes, M.C, Molero, M.M., Gázquez, J.J., Simón, M.M, y Barragán, A.B.
(2018). Burnout y engagement en estudiantes de Ciencias de la Salud. European Journal
of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 8(1), 23-36. DOI: 10.30552/
ejihpe.v8i1.223
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M.R.B. (2016). Comprehensiveness and humanization of nursing care management in the
Intensive Care Unit. Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP, 50(5), 816-822. DOI:
10.1590/s0080-623420160000600015
Miao, C., Humphrey, R.H., y Qian, S. (2017). A meta?analysis of emotional intelligence and work
attitudes. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 90(2), 177-202. DOI:
10.1111/joop.12167
Molero, M.M., Pérez-Fuentes, M.C., Gázquez, J.J., y Barragán, A.B. (2018a). Burnout in health
professionals according to their self-esteem, social support and empathy profile. Frontiers
in Psychology, 9, 424. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00424
Molero, M.M, Pérez-Fuentes, M.C., Gázquez, J.J., Simón, M.M., y Martos, Á. (2018b). Burnout
risk and protection factors in certified nursing aides. International Journal Of
Environmental Research And Public Health, 15(6), 1116. doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15
061116
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intervention in a pediatric hospital environment: effects on parental affective perception
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2012.03.001
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Pet therapy in elderly patients with mental illness. Psychogeriatrics, 11(2), 125-129. DOI:
10.1111/j.1479-8301.2010.00329.x
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medical devices (3ª ed.). Recuperado de: https://www.iso.org/iso-guides.html
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estudiantes de medicina. FEM: Revista de la Fundación Educación Médica, 18(5), 305-
312.
Pérez-Fuentes, M.C., Molero, M.M., y Gázquez, J.J. (2019a). Explanatory Value of General SelfEfficacy, Empathy and Emotional Intelligence in Overall Self-Esteem of Healthcare
Professionals. Social Work in Public Health, 34(4), 318-329. DOI:
10.1080/19371918.2019.1606752
Pérez-Fuentes, M.C., Molero, M.M, Gázquez, J.J, y Oropesa, N.F. (2018). The role of emotional
intelligence in engagement in nurses. International Journal of Environmental Research
and Public Health, 15(9), 1915. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15091915
Pérez-Fuentes, M.C., Herrera-Peco, I., Molero, M.M., Oropesa, N.F., Ayuso-Murillo, D., y
Gázquez, J.J. (2019b). The Development and Validation of the Healthcare Professional
Humanization Scale (HUMAS) for Nursing. International Journal of Environmental
Research and Public Health, 16, 3999. DOI:10.3390/ijerph16203999
Reeve, J., Lynch, T., Lloyd?Williams, M., y Payne, S. (2012). From personal challenge to technical
fix: the risks of depersonalised care. Health y Social Care in the Community, 20(2),
145-154. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2524.2011.01026.x
Roohafza, H., Pirnia, A., Sadeghi, M., Toghianifar, N., Talaei, M., y Ashrafi, M. (2009). Impact of
nurses clothing on anxiety of hospitalised children. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 18(13),
1953-1959. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2008.02745.x
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(Eds.), The happy mind: Cognitive contributions to well-being (pp. 195-212). Cham,
Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-58763-9_11
Seligman, M.E. (2006). Learned optimism: How to change your mind and your life. New York:
Vintage Books.
Seligman, M.E., Schulman, P., y Tryon, A.M. (2007). Group prevention of depression and anxiety
symptoms. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(6), 1111-1126. DOI:
10.1016/j.brat.2006.09.010
Shin, S., y Kang, J. (2019). Development and Validation of a Person-Centered Perioperative Nursing
Scale. Asian Nursing Research, 13(3), 221-227. DOI: 10.1016/j.anr.2019.07.002
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P. (2019). Humanization interventions in general pediatric wards: a systematic
review. European Journal of Pediatrics, 178(5), 607-622. DOI:10.1007/s0043-019-
03370-3
Velasco, J.M., Heras, G. Ortega, A., y Gómez, V. (2017). Manual de buenas prácticas de
humanización en Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos. Madrid: Proyecto HU-CI.
Recuperado de: http://humanizandoloscuidadosintensivos.com/wpcontent/uploads/2017/11/Manual-Buenas Practicas-HUCI.pdf
Vizoso, C.M., y Arias, O. (2018). Resiliencia, optimismo y burnout académico en estudiantes
universitarios. European Journal of Education and Psychology, 11(1), 47-59.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.30552/ejep.v11i1.185
Wersebe, H., Lieb, R., Meyer, A. H., Hofer, P., y Gloster, A. T. (2018). The link between stress,
well-being, and psychological flexibility during an Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
self-help intervention. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 18(1),
60-68. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2017.09.002
of AJyK"-Cross-Sectional Descriptive Study. HealthMed, 6(5), 1651-1660.
Biddiss, E., McPherson, A., Shea, G., y McKeever, P. (2013). The design and testing of interactive
hospital spaces to meet the needs of waiting children. HERD: Health Environments
Research y Design Journal, 6(3), 49-68. DOI: 10.1177/193758671300600305
Bisquerra, R., y Pérez, N. (2007). Las competencias emocionales. Educación XXI, 10, 61-82.
Boscarelli, A. (2017). Clown therapy: not only a pediatric matter. Translational Pediatrics, 6(2),
111-112. DOI: 10.21037/tp.2017.03.03
Branson, S.M., Boss, L., Padhye, N.S., Trötscher, T., y Ward, A. (2017). Effects of animal-assisted
activities on biobehavioral stress responses in hospitalized children: A randomized
controlled study. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 36, 84-91. DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.
2017.05.006
Busch, I.M., Moretti, F., Travaini, G., Wu, A. W., y Rimondini, M. (2019). Humanization of Care:
Key Elements Identified by Patients, Caregivers, and Healthcare Providers. A Systematic
Review. The Patient-Patient-Centered Outcomes Research, 12(5), 1-14. DOI: 10.1007/
s40271-019-00370-1
Carver, C.S., y Scheier, M.F. (2014). Dispositional optimism. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18(6),
293-299. DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2014.02.003
Da Silva, V.A., Marcon, S.S., y Sales, C.A. (2014). Percepções de familiares de pessoas portadoras
de câncer sobre encontros musicais durante o tratamento antineoplásico. Revista
Brasileira de Enfermagem, 67(3), 408-414. DOI 10.5935/0034-7167.20140054
Dall'Ora, C., Griffiths, P., Ball, J., Simon, M., y Aiken, L.H. (2015). Association of 12 h shifts and
nurses’ job satisfaction, burnout and intention to leave: findings from a cross-sectional
study of 12 European countries. BMJ Open, 5(9), e008331. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-
008331
Darban, F., Balouchi, A., Narouipour, A., Safarzaei, E., y Shahdadi, H. (2016). Effect of
communication skills training on the burnout of nurses: a cross-sectional study. Journal
of Clinical and Diagnostic Research: JCDR, 10(4), IC01. DOI: 10.7860/JCDR
/2016/19312.7667
Decety, J., y Fotopoulou, A. (2015). Why empathy has a beneficial impact on others in medicine:
unifying theories. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 8, 457. DOI:
10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00457
Dionigi, A., y Canestrari, C. (2016). Clowning in health care settings: The point of view of
adults. Europe's Journal of Psychology, 12(3), 473. DOI: 10.5964/ejop.v12i3.1107
Dvash, J., y Shamay-Tsoory, S.G. (2014). Theory of mind and empathy as multidimensional
constructs: Neurological foundations. Topics in Language Disorders, 34(4), 282-295.
DOI: 10.1097/TLD.0000000000000040
European Foundation for Quality Management (2015). An overview of the EFQM excellence model.
Recuperado de: https://www.bqf.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Overview-of-theEFQM-Excellence-Model.pdf
Extremera, N., Mérida-López, S., Sánchez-Álvarez, N., y Quintana-Orts, C. (2018). How Does
Emotional Intelligence Make One Feel Better at Work? The Mediational Role of Work
Engagement. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(9),
1909. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15091909
García-Rodríguez, A., Gutiérrez-Bedmar, M., Bellón-Saameño, J.Á., Muñoz-Bravo, C., y
Fernández-Crehuet, J.N. (2015). Psychosocial stress environment and health workers in
public health: Differences between primary and hospital care. Atención Primaria, 47(6),
359-366. DOI: 10.1016/j.aprim.2014.09.003
Gerteis, M., Edgman-Levitan, S., Daley, J., y Delbanco, T.L. (1993). Understanding and promoting
patient-centered care. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Gerteis, M., Edgman-Levitan, S., Walker, J.D., Stoke, D.M., Cleary, P.D., y Delbanco, T.L. (1993).
What patients really want. Health Management Quarterly: HMQ, 15(3), 2-6.
Gertz, A., y Rabinowitz, P.M. (2017). Pet Therapy: Helping Patients Cope. American Family
Physician, 96(7), 464-464.
Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional intelligence. New York: Bantam.
Greene, S.M., Tuzzio, L., y Cherkin, D. (2012). A framework for making patient-centered care front
and center. The Permanente Journal, 16(3), 49-53.
Howick, J., Steinkopf, L., Ulyte, A., Roberts, N., y Meissner, K. (2017). How empathic is your
healthcare practitioner? A systematic review and meta-analysis of patient surveys. BMC
Medical Education, 17(1), 136. DOI: 10.1186/s12909-017-0967-3
Kotzer, A.M., Zacharakis, S.K., Raynolds, M., y Buenning, F. (2011). Evaluation of the built
environment: staff and family satisfaction pre-and post-occupancy of the Children's
Hospital. HERD: Health Environments Research y Design Journal, 4(4), 60-78. DOI:
10.1177/193758671100400405
López-García, C., Ruiz-Hernández, J.A., Llor-Zaragoza, L., Llor-Zaragoza, P., y Jiménez-Barbero,
J.A. (2018). User Violence and Psychological Well-being in Primary Health-Care
Professionals. European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context, 10(2), 57-63.
DOI: 10.5093/ejpalc2018a6
Lown, B.A., McIntosh, S., Gaines, M.E., McGuinn, K., y Hatem, D. S. (2016). Integrating
compassionate, collaborative care (the “Triple C”) into health professional education to
advance the triple aim of health care. Academic Medicine, 91(3), 310-316. DOI:
10.1097/ACM.0000000000001077
Luiz, F.F., Caregnato, R.C.A., y Costa, M.R.D. (2017). Humanization in the Intensive Care:
perception of family and healthcare professionals. Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem,
70(5), 1040-1047. DOI: 10.1590/0034-7167-2016-0281
Mani, I., y Weese, J.S. (2016). Pet Therapy: Enhancing Patient Care Through Time with
Animals. American Family Physician, 94(9), 737.
Martos, Á., Pérez-Fuentes, M.C, Molero, M.M., Gázquez, J.J., Simón, M.M, y Barragán, A.B.
(2018). Burnout y engagement en estudiantes de Ciencias de la Salud. European Journal
of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 8(1), 23-36. DOI: 10.30552/
ejihpe.v8i1.223
Medeiros, A.C.D., Siqueira, H.C.H.D., Zamberlan, C., Cecagno, D., Nunes, S.D. S., y Thurow,
M.R.B. (2016). Comprehensiveness and humanization of nursing care management in the
Intensive Care Unit. Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP, 50(5), 816-822. DOI:
10.1590/s0080-623420160000600015
Miao, C., Humphrey, R.H., y Qian, S. (2017). A meta?analysis of emotional intelligence and work
attitudes. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 90(2), 177-202. DOI:
10.1111/joop.12167
Molero, M.M., Pérez-Fuentes, M.C., Gázquez, J.J., y Barragán, A.B. (2018a). Burnout in health
professionals according to their self-esteem, social support and empathy profile. Frontiers
in Psychology, 9, 424. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00424
Molero, M.M, Pérez-Fuentes, M.C., Gázquez, J.J., Simón, M.M., y Martos, Á. (2018b). Burnout
risk and protection factors in certified nursing aides. International Journal Of
Environmental Research And Public Health, 15(6), 1116. doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15
061116
Monti, F., Agostini, F., Dellabartola, S., Neri, E., Bozicevic, L., y Pocecco, M. (2012). Pictorial
intervention in a pediatric hospital environment: effects on parental affective perception
of the unit. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 32(3), 216-224. DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvp.
2012.03.001
Moretti, F., De Ronchi, D., Bernabei, V., Marchetti, L., Ferrari, B., Forlani, C., ... Atti, A.R. (2011).
Pet therapy in elderly patients with mental illness. Psychogeriatrics, 11(2), 125-129. DOI:
10.1111/j.1479-8301.2010.00329.x
Organización Internacional de Normalización y Comisión Electrotécnica Internacional (2019).
Guide to the development and inclusion of aspects of safety in International Standards for
medical devices (3ª ed.). Recuperado de: https://www.iso.org/iso-guides.html
Oro, P., Esquerda, M., Viñas-Salas, J., Soler-González, J., y Pifarré, J. (2015). Mindfulness en
estudiantes de medicina. FEM: Revista de la Fundación Educación Médica, 18(5), 305-
312.
Pérez-Fuentes, M.C., Molero, M.M., y Gázquez, J.J. (2019a). Explanatory Value of General SelfEfficacy, Empathy and Emotional Intelligence in Overall Self-Esteem of Healthcare
Professionals. Social Work in Public Health, 34(4), 318-329. DOI:
10.1080/19371918.2019.1606752
Pérez-Fuentes, M.C., Molero, M.M, Gázquez, J.J, y Oropesa, N.F. (2018). The role of emotional
intelligence in engagement in nurses. International Journal of Environmental Research
and Public Health, 15(9), 1915. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15091915
Pérez-Fuentes, M.C., Herrera-Peco, I., Molero, M.M., Oropesa, N.F., Ayuso-Murillo, D., y
Gázquez, J.J. (2019b). The Development and Validation of the Healthcare Professional
Humanization Scale (HUMAS) for Nursing. International Journal of Environmental
Research and Public Health, 16, 3999. DOI:10.3390/ijerph16203999
Reeve, J., Lynch, T., Lloyd?Williams, M., y Payne, S. (2012). From personal challenge to technical
fix: the risks of depersonalised care. Health y Social Care in the Community, 20(2),
145-154. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2524.2011.01026.x
Roohafza, H., Pirnia, A., Sadeghi, M., Toghianifar, N., Talaei, M., y Ashrafi, M. (2009). Impact of
nurses clothing on anxiety of hospitalised children. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 18(13),
1953-1959. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2008.02745.x
Segerstrom, S.C., Carver, C.S., y Scheier, M.F. (2017). Optimism. En M.D. Robinson y M. Eid
(Eds.), The happy mind: Cognitive contributions to well-being (pp. 195-212). Cham,
Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-58763-9_11
Seligman, M.E. (2006). Learned optimism: How to change your mind and your life. New York:
Vintage Books.
Seligman, M.E., Schulman, P., y Tryon, A.M. (2007). Group prevention of depression and anxiety
symptoms. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(6), 1111-1126. DOI:
10.1016/j.brat.2006.09.010
Shin, S., y Kang, J. (2019). Development and Validation of a Person-Centered Perioperative Nursing
Scale. Asian Nursing Research, 13(3), 221-227. DOI: 10.1016/j.anr.2019.07.002
Tripodi, M., Siano, M.A., Mandato, C., De Anseris, A.G.E., Quitadamo, P., Nuzio, S.G., ... y Vajro,
P. (2019). Humanization interventions in general pediatric wards: a systematic
review. European Journal of Pediatrics, 178(5), 607-622. DOI:10.1007/s0043-019-
03370-3
Velasco, J.M., Heras, G. Ortega, A., y Gómez, V. (2017). Manual de buenas prácticas de
humanización en Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos. Madrid: Proyecto HU-CI.
Recuperado de: http://humanizandoloscuidadosintensivos.com/wpcontent/uploads/2017/11/Manual-Buenas Practicas-HUCI.pdf
Vizoso, C.M., y Arias, O. (2018). Resiliencia, optimismo y burnout académico en estudiantes
universitarios. European Journal of Education and Psychology, 11(1), 47-59.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.30552/ejep.v11i1.185
Wersebe, H., Lieb, R., Meyer, A. H., Hofer, P., y Gloster, A. T. (2018). The link between stress,
well-being, and psychological flexibility during an Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
self-help intervention. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 18(1),
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