Barreras percibidas por los psicólogos profesionales españoles para una Práctica Basada en la Evidencia
Barreras percibidas por los psicólogos profesionales españoles para una Práctica Basada en la Evidencia
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
La Práctica Basada en la Evidencia (PBE) exige a los profesionales de la psicología que puedan acceder, valorar e integrar la literatura científica junto con la experiencia clínica y los valores y preferencias de los pacientes. El objetivo prinicpal de este manuscrito fue analizar las barreras percibidas por los profesionales de la psicología para implementar una PBE. La muestra estuvo formada por 77 participantes (68.8% hombres), con una edad media de 41.44 años (DT=9.42). Los resultados mostraron que las principales barreras percibidas para una PBE fueron la falta de tiempo la falta de habilidades para localizar la mejor evidencia científica disponible y el conocimiento limitado para valorar la calidad de un estudio. Estos resultados destacan la necesidad de formación en las habilidades de búsqueda y valoración crítica de los estudios científicos que exige la PBE.
Citas
Aarons, G. (2005). Measuring provider attitudes toward evidence-based practice: consideration on an organizational context and individual differences. Child and Adolescent Clinics Psychiatrics of North America, 14, 255-258. doi: 10.1016/j.chc.2004.04.008
Aarons, G.A., MCDolnald, E., Sheehan, A.K., y Walrath-Greene,C.M. (2007). Confirmatory factor analysis of the evidence-based practice attitude scale (EBPAS) in a geographically diverse sample of community mental health providers. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research,34, 465–469. doi: 10.1007/s10488-007-0127-x
Aguinis, H., Werner, S., Abbott, J., Angert, C., Park, J.H., y Kohlhausen, D.(2010). Customer-Centric Science: Reporting significant research results with rigor, relevance, and practical impact in mind. Organizational Research Methods, 13, 515-539. doi: 10.1177/1094428109333339
American Psychological Association (2005). Policy Statement on Evidence-Based Practice in Psychology.Washington, DC: Author.American Psychological Association (2006). Evidence-based practice in psychology: APA Presidential Task Force on evidence-based practice.
American Psychologist, 61, 271–285. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.61.4.271American Psychological Association (2010a). Ethical Principle of Psychologist and Code of Conduct.Washington, DC: Author
American Psychological Association (2010b). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Babione, J.M. (2010). Evidence-Based Practice in Psychology: An ethical framework for graduate education, clinical training, and maintaining professional competence. Ethics & Behavior, 20, 443-453. doi: 10.1080/10508422.2010.521446
Badenes-Ribera, L. (Junio, 2017). Barreras Percibidas hacia la Practica Basada en la Evidencia en psicólogos clínicos chilenos: un estudio piloto.Comunicación presentada al IV Congreso Internacional de Investigación en salud y envejecimiento. II Congreso Internacional de Investigación en salud, Murcia.
Baicus, C., y Cariol, S. (2009). Leeter a Editor: Effect measure for quantiative endpoints: statistical versus clinical significance, or “how large the scale is?”. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 20, 124-125. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2008.10.002
Bauer, R.M. (2007). Evidence-based practice in Psychology:implications for research and research training. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63, 685–694. doi: 10.1002/jclp.20374
Bennett, S., Tooth, B., Mckenna, K., Rodger, S., Strong, J., ... Gibson, L. (2003). Perceptions of Evidence-Based Practice: A survey of Australian occupational therapists. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 50, 13-22.
Beyth-Maron, R., Fidler, F., y Cumming, G. (2008). Statistical cognition: Towards evidence-based practice in statistics and statistics education. Statistics Education Research Journal, 7, 20-39.
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L.V., Higgins, J.P.T., y Rothstein, H.R. (2009). Introduction to meta-analysis.Chichester: Wiley.
Botella, J.,y Sánchez-Meca, J. (2015). Meta-análisis en las ciencias sociales y de la salud.Madrid: Síntesis.
Cerezo, M. (2002) Práctica clínica basada en la evidencia científica. Papel del gestor de información como integrante de un equipo multidisciplinar. Revista General de Información y Documentación, 12, 457-464.
Chandler, J., Churchill, R., Higgins, J., Lasserson, T., y Tovey, T. (2013). Methodological standards for the conduct of new Cochrane intervention reviews (MECIR). Disponible en: http://editorial-unit.cochrane.org/mecir
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences(2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Copay, A.G., Subach, B.R., Glassman, S.D., Polly, D.W., y Schuler, T.C. (2007). Understanding the minimum clinically important difference: a review of concepts and methods. The Spine Journal, 7, 541-546. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2007.01.008
Cumming, G. (2014).The New Statistics: Why and How. Psychological Science, 25, 7-29. doi: 10.1177/0956797613504966
Daset, L.R., y Cracco, C. (2013). Psicología Basada en la Evidencia: algunas cuestiones básicas y una aproximación a través de una revisión bibliográfica. Ciencias Psicológicas; 7, 209–220.
Fetheny, J. (2010). Statistical and clinical significance, and how to use confidence intervals to help interpret both. Australian Critical Care, 23, 93-97. doi:10.1016/j.aucc.2010.03.001
Gómez-Conesa, A. (2010). La práctica basada en la evidencia en el ámbito de la fisioterapia. Fisioterapia, 32, 49-50. doi:10.1016/j.ft.2010.01.001
Grissom, R.J., y Kim, J.J. (2012). Effect sizes for research. New York, USA: Routledge
Guerra, J.,Bagura, C., y Girabent, M. (2012). Adaptación al castellano y validación del cuestionario sobre práctica basada en la evidencia en fisioterapeutas. Fisioterapia, 34, 65-72. doi:10.1016/j.ft.2011.10.003
Hutton, B., Catalá-López, F., y Moher, D. (2016). La extensión de la declaración PRISMA para revisiones sistemáticas que incorporan metaanálisis en red: PRISMA-NMA. Medicina Clínica.doi: 10.1016/j.medcli.2016.02.025
Hutton, B., Salanti, G., Caldwell, D. M., Chaimani, A., Schmid, C.H., Cameron, C.J.P, ... Moher D. (2015). The PRISMA extension statement for reporting of systematic reviews incorporating network meta-analyses of health care interventions: checklist and explanations. Annals of Internal Medicine: Journal, 162,777-784. doi: 10.7326/M14-2385.
Jacobsen, N.S., Follette,W.C., y Revenstorf, D. (1984). Psychotherapy outcome research: methods for reporting variability and evaluating clinical significance.Behavior Therapy, 15, 336-352. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7894(84)80002-7
Jüni, P., Altman, D.G., y Egger, M. (2001). Assessing the quality of randomised controlled trials. En M. Egger, G.D. Smith y D.G. Altman (Eds.), Systematic reviews in health care: Meta-analysis in context(2ª ed.) (pp. 87-108). Londres: BMJ Books.
Kalinowski, P., y Fidler, F. (2010). Interpreting significance: the differences between statistical significance, effect size, and practical importance. Newborn & Infant Nursing Reviews 10, 50–54. doi: 10.1053/j.nainr.2009.12.007
Kazdin, A.E. (1999). The meanings and measurement of clinical significance. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 332-339. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.67.3.332
Kazdin, A.E. (2001). Almost Clinically Significant (p<.10): Current measures may only approach clinical significance. Clinical Psychology Science and Practice, 8, 455-462. doi: 10.1093/clipsy.8.4.455
Kazdin, A.E. (2008). Evidence-based treatment and practice: New opportunities to bridge clinical research and practice, enhance the knowledge base, and improve patient care. American Psychologist, 63, 146-159. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.63.3.146
Kendall, P.C., Marrs-Garcia, A., Nath, S.R., y Sheldrick, R.C. (1999). Normative comparisons for the evaluation of clinical significance. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 285–299. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.67.3.285
Kicinski, M., Springate, D.A., y Evangelos Kontopantelis, E. (2015). Publication bias in meta-analyses from the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Statistics in Medicine, 34, 2781-2795. doi: 10.1002/sim.6525
Kirk, R.E. (1996). Practical significance: A concept whose time has come. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 56,746–759. doi: 10.1177/0013164496056005002
Kirk, R.E. (2001). Promoting good statistical practices: Some suggestions. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 61, 213-218. doi: 10.1177/00131640121971185
Moher, D., Hopewell S., Schulz, K.F., Montori, V., Gøtzsche P.C., Devereaux, P.J., ... Altman, D.G. (2010). CONSORT 2010 Explanation and Elaboration: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. British Medical Journal,340, c869. doi: 10.1136/bmj.c869
Moher, D., Jones, A. y Lepage, L. for the CONSORT Group (2001). Use of the CONSORT statement and quality of reports for randomized trials: A comparative before-and-after evaluation. Journal of the American Medical Association, 285, 1992-1995. doi: 10.1001/jama.285.15.1992Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzalaff, J., Altman, D.G., y the PRISMA group (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA Statement. PLOS Medicine, 6(7), e1000097. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
Musselman, K.E. (2007). Clinical significance testing in rehabilitation research: what, why, and how? Physical Therapy Reviews, 12, 287-296. doi:10.1179/108331907X223128
Nelson, T.D., y Steele, R.G. (2007). Predictors of practitioner self-reported use of evidence-based practices: Practitioner training, clinical setting, and attitudes toward research. Administration and Policy in Mental Healthand Mental Health Services Research, 34, 319–333.
Nelson, T.D., Steele, R.G., y Mize, J.A. (2006). Practitioner attitudes toward Evidence-based Practice: Themes and challenges.Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 33, 398–409.
Newcombe, R.G. (2012). Confidence intervals for proportions and related mesuares of effect size. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press
Page, P. (2014). Beyond statistical significance: clinical interpretation of rehabilitation research literatura.International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 9, 726–736.
Pagoto, S.L., Spring, B., Coups, E.J., Mulvaney, S., Coutu, M., y Ozakinci, G. (2007). Barriers and facilitators of evidence-based practice perceived by behavioral science health professionals. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63, 695–705. doi: 10.1002/jclp.20376
Perestelo-Pérez, L. (2013). Standards on how to develop and report systematic reviews in Psychology and Health.International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 13, 49-57.
Sánchez-Meca, J., Boruch, R.F., Petrosino, A., y Rosa-Alcázar, A.I. (2002). La Colaboración Campbell y la Práctica basada en la Evidencia. Papeles del Psicólogo, 83, 44-48.
Sánchez-Meca, J., y Botella, J. (2010). Revisiones Sistemáticas y Metaanálisis: herramientas para la práctica profesional. Papeles del Psicólogo, 31, 7-17.
Sánchez-Meca, J., Marín-Martínez, F., y López-López, J.A. (2011). Meta-análisis e intervención psicosocial basada en la evidencia. Psychosocial Intervention, 20, 95-107.
Schulz, R., O’Brien, A., Czaja, S., Ory, M., Norris, R., Martire, L.M., ... B Stevens, A., (2002). Dementia caregiver intervention research: in search of clinical significance.The Gerontologist, 42,589–602.
Shea, B.J., Grimshaw, J.M, Wells, G.A., Boers, M., Andersson,N., Hamel, C., ... Bouter, L.M. (2007). Development of AMSTAR: a measurement tool to assess the methodological quality of systematic reviews. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 7, 10-16. doi: 10.1186/1471-2288-7-10
Spring, B. (2007). Evidence-based practice in clinical psychology: What it is, why it matters; what you need to know. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63,611-631. doi: 10.1002/jclip.20373
Stroup, D.F., Berlin, J.A., Morton, S.C., Olkin, I., Williamson, G.D., Rennie, D., ... Thacker, S.B. (2000). Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology. A proposal for reporting. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 283,2008-2012. doi:10.1001/jama.283.15.2008
Terwee, C.B., Roorda, L.D., Knol, D.K., De Boer, M.R., y De Vel, H.C.W. (2009). Linking measurement error to minimal important change of patient-reported outcomes. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 62, 1062-1067. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2008.10.011.
Thompson, B. (2002). “Statistical,” “Practical,” and “Clinical”: How many kinds ofsignificance do counselors need to consider. Journal of Counseling & Development, 80, 64-71. doi: 10.1002/j.1556-6678.2002.tb00167.x
Turner, D., Schünemannb, H.J, Griffith, L.E., Beatone, D.E, Griffiths, A.M., Critch, J.N., y Guyatt, G.H. (2010). The minimal detectable change cannot reliably replace the minimal important difference. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 63, 28-36. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.01.024
Urra-Medina, E., y Barría-Pailaquilén, R. (2010). Systematic review and its relationship with Evidence-Based Practice in health. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermería, 18(4), 824-831.
Vázquez, C., y Nieto, M. (2003). Psicología (clínica) basada en la evidencia(PBE): una revisión conceptual y metodológica. En J.L. Romero (Ed).Psicópolis: Paradigmas actuales y alternativos en la psicología contemporánea. Barcelona. Paidós.
Vera-Villarroel, P., y Mustaca, A. (2006). Investigaciones en psicología clínica basadas en la evidencia en Chile y Argentina. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 38(3), 551-565.
Aarons, G.A., MCDolnald, E., Sheehan, A.K., y Walrath-Greene,C.M. (2007). Confirmatory factor analysis of the evidence-based practice attitude scale (EBPAS) in a geographically diverse sample of community mental health providers. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research,34, 465–469. doi: 10.1007/s10488-007-0127-x
Aguinis, H., Werner, S., Abbott, J., Angert, C., Park, J.H., y Kohlhausen, D.(2010). Customer-Centric Science: Reporting significant research results with rigor, relevance, and practical impact in mind. Organizational Research Methods, 13, 515-539. doi: 10.1177/1094428109333339
American Psychological Association (2005). Policy Statement on Evidence-Based Practice in Psychology.Washington, DC: Author.American Psychological Association (2006). Evidence-based practice in psychology: APA Presidential Task Force on evidence-based practice.
American Psychologist, 61, 271–285. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.61.4.271American Psychological Association (2010a). Ethical Principle of Psychologist and Code of Conduct.Washington, DC: Author
American Psychological Association (2010b). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Babione, J.M. (2010). Evidence-Based Practice in Psychology: An ethical framework for graduate education, clinical training, and maintaining professional competence. Ethics & Behavior, 20, 443-453. doi: 10.1080/10508422.2010.521446
Badenes-Ribera, L. (Junio, 2017). Barreras Percibidas hacia la Practica Basada en la Evidencia en psicólogos clínicos chilenos: un estudio piloto.Comunicación presentada al IV Congreso Internacional de Investigación en salud y envejecimiento. II Congreso Internacional de Investigación en salud, Murcia.
Baicus, C., y Cariol, S. (2009). Leeter a Editor: Effect measure for quantiative endpoints: statistical versus clinical significance, or “how large the scale is?”. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 20, 124-125. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2008.10.002
Bauer, R.M. (2007). Evidence-based practice in Psychology:implications for research and research training. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63, 685–694. doi: 10.1002/jclp.20374
Bennett, S., Tooth, B., Mckenna, K., Rodger, S., Strong, J., ... Gibson, L. (2003). Perceptions of Evidence-Based Practice: A survey of Australian occupational therapists. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 50, 13-22.
Beyth-Maron, R., Fidler, F., y Cumming, G. (2008). Statistical cognition: Towards evidence-based practice in statistics and statistics education. Statistics Education Research Journal, 7, 20-39.
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L.V., Higgins, J.P.T., y Rothstein, H.R. (2009). Introduction to meta-analysis.Chichester: Wiley.
Botella, J.,y Sánchez-Meca, J. (2015). Meta-análisis en las ciencias sociales y de la salud.Madrid: Síntesis.
Cerezo, M. (2002) Práctica clínica basada en la evidencia científica. Papel del gestor de información como integrante de un equipo multidisciplinar. Revista General de Información y Documentación, 12, 457-464.
Chandler, J., Churchill, R., Higgins, J., Lasserson, T., y Tovey, T. (2013). Methodological standards for the conduct of new Cochrane intervention reviews (MECIR). Disponible en: http://editorial-unit.cochrane.org/mecir
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences(2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Copay, A.G., Subach, B.R., Glassman, S.D., Polly, D.W., y Schuler, T.C. (2007). Understanding the minimum clinically important difference: a review of concepts and methods. The Spine Journal, 7, 541-546. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2007.01.008
Cumming, G. (2014).The New Statistics: Why and How. Psychological Science, 25, 7-29. doi: 10.1177/0956797613504966
Daset, L.R., y Cracco, C. (2013). Psicología Basada en la Evidencia: algunas cuestiones básicas y una aproximación a través de una revisión bibliográfica. Ciencias Psicológicas; 7, 209–220.
Fetheny, J. (2010). Statistical and clinical significance, and how to use confidence intervals to help interpret both. Australian Critical Care, 23, 93-97. doi:10.1016/j.aucc.2010.03.001
Gómez-Conesa, A. (2010). La práctica basada en la evidencia en el ámbito de la fisioterapia. Fisioterapia, 32, 49-50. doi:10.1016/j.ft.2010.01.001
Grissom, R.J., y Kim, J.J. (2012). Effect sizes for research. New York, USA: Routledge
Guerra, J.,Bagura, C., y Girabent, M. (2012). Adaptación al castellano y validación del cuestionario sobre práctica basada en la evidencia en fisioterapeutas. Fisioterapia, 34, 65-72. doi:10.1016/j.ft.2011.10.003
Hutton, B., Catalá-López, F., y Moher, D. (2016). La extensión de la declaración PRISMA para revisiones sistemáticas que incorporan metaanálisis en red: PRISMA-NMA. Medicina Clínica.doi: 10.1016/j.medcli.2016.02.025
Hutton, B., Salanti, G., Caldwell, D. M., Chaimani, A., Schmid, C.H., Cameron, C.J.P, ... Moher D. (2015). The PRISMA extension statement for reporting of systematic reviews incorporating network meta-analyses of health care interventions: checklist and explanations. Annals of Internal Medicine: Journal, 162,777-784. doi: 10.7326/M14-2385.
Jacobsen, N.S., Follette,W.C., y Revenstorf, D. (1984). Psychotherapy outcome research: methods for reporting variability and evaluating clinical significance.Behavior Therapy, 15, 336-352. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7894(84)80002-7
Jüni, P., Altman, D.G., y Egger, M. (2001). Assessing the quality of randomised controlled trials. En M. Egger, G.D. Smith y D.G. Altman (Eds.), Systematic reviews in health care: Meta-analysis in context(2ª ed.) (pp. 87-108). Londres: BMJ Books.
Kalinowski, P., y Fidler, F. (2010). Interpreting significance: the differences between statistical significance, effect size, and practical importance. Newborn & Infant Nursing Reviews 10, 50–54. doi: 10.1053/j.nainr.2009.12.007
Kazdin, A.E. (1999). The meanings and measurement of clinical significance. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 332-339. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.67.3.332
Kazdin, A.E. (2001). Almost Clinically Significant (p<.10): Current measures may only approach clinical significance. Clinical Psychology Science and Practice, 8, 455-462. doi: 10.1093/clipsy.8.4.455
Kazdin, A.E. (2008). Evidence-based treatment and practice: New opportunities to bridge clinical research and practice, enhance the knowledge base, and improve patient care. American Psychologist, 63, 146-159. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.63.3.146
Kendall, P.C., Marrs-Garcia, A., Nath, S.R., y Sheldrick, R.C. (1999). Normative comparisons for the evaluation of clinical significance. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 285–299. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.67.3.285
Kicinski, M., Springate, D.A., y Evangelos Kontopantelis, E. (2015). Publication bias in meta-analyses from the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Statistics in Medicine, 34, 2781-2795. doi: 10.1002/sim.6525
Kirk, R.E. (1996). Practical significance: A concept whose time has come. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 56,746–759. doi: 10.1177/0013164496056005002
Kirk, R.E. (2001). Promoting good statistical practices: Some suggestions. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 61, 213-218. doi: 10.1177/00131640121971185
Moher, D., Hopewell S., Schulz, K.F., Montori, V., Gøtzsche P.C., Devereaux, P.J., ... Altman, D.G. (2010). CONSORT 2010 Explanation and Elaboration: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. British Medical Journal,340, c869. doi: 10.1136/bmj.c869
Moher, D., Jones, A. y Lepage, L. for the CONSORT Group (2001). Use of the CONSORT statement and quality of reports for randomized trials: A comparative before-and-after evaluation. Journal of the American Medical Association, 285, 1992-1995. doi: 10.1001/jama.285.15.1992Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzalaff, J., Altman, D.G., y the PRISMA group (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA Statement. PLOS Medicine, 6(7), e1000097. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
Musselman, K.E. (2007). Clinical significance testing in rehabilitation research: what, why, and how? Physical Therapy Reviews, 12, 287-296. doi:10.1179/108331907X223128
Nelson, T.D., y Steele, R.G. (2007). Predictors of practitioner self-reported use of evidence-based practices: Practitioner training, clinical setting, and attitudes toward research. Administration and Policy in Mental Healthand Mental Health Services Research, 34, 319–333.
Nelson, T.D., Steele, R.G., y Mize, J.A. (2006). Practitioner attitudes toward Evidence-based Practice: Themes and challenges.Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 33, 398–409.
Newcombe, R.G. (2012). Confidence intervals for proportions and related mesuares of effect size. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press
Page, P. (2014). Beyond statistical significance: clinical interpretation of rehabilitation research literatura.International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 9, 726–736.
Pagoto, S.L., Spring, B., Coups, E.J., Mulvaney, S., Coutu, M., y Ozakinci, G. (2007). Barriers and facilitators of evidence-based practice perceived by behavioral science health professionals. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63, 695–705. doi: 10.1002/jclp.20376
Perestelo-Pérez, L. (2013). Standards on how to develop and report systematic reviews in Psychology and Health.International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 13, 49-57.
Sánchez-Meca, J., Boruch, R.F., Petrosino, A., y Rosa-Alcázar, A.I. (2002). La Colaboración Campbell y la Práctica basada en la Evidencia. Papeles del Psicólogo, 83, 44-48.
Sánchez-Meca, J., y Botella, J. (2010). Revisiones Sistemáticas y Metaanálisis: herramientas para la práctica profesional. Papeles del Psicólogo, 31, 7-17.
Sánchez-Meca, J., Marín-Martínez, F., y López-López, J.A. (2011). Meta-análisis e intervención psicosocial basada en la evidencia. Psychosocial Intervention, 20, 95-107.
Schulz, R., O’Brien, A., Czaja, S., Ory, M., Norris, R., Martire, L.M., ... B Stevens, A., (2002). Dementia caregiver intervention research: in search of clinical significance.The Gerontologist, 42,589–602.
Shea, B.J., Grimshaw, J.M, Wells, G.A., Boers, M., Andersson,N., Hamel, C., ... Bouter, L.M. (2007). Development of AMSTAR: a measurement tool to assess the methodological quality of systematic reviews. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 7, 10-16. doi: 10.1186/1471-2288-7-10
Spring, B. (2007). Evidence-based practice in clinical psychology: What it is, why it matters; what you need to know. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63,611-631. doi: 10.1002/jclip.20373
Stroup, D.F., Berlin, J.A., Morton, S.C., Olkin, I., Williamson, G.D., Rennie, D., ... Thacker, S.B. (2000). Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology. A proposal for reporting. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 283,2008-2012. doi:10.1001/jama.283.15.2008
Terwee, C.B., Roorda, L.D., Knol, D.K., De Boer, M.R., y De Vel, H.C.W. (2009). Linking measurement error to minimal important change of patient-reported outcomes. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 62, 1062-1067. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2008.10.011.
Thompson, B. (2002). “Statistical,” “Practical,” and “Clinical”: How many kinds ofsignificance do counselors need to consider. Journal of Counseling & Development, 80, 64-71. doi: 10.1002/j.1556-6678.2002.tb00167.x
Turner, D., Schünemannb, H.J, Griffith, L.E., Beatone, D.E, Griffiths, A.M., Critch, J.N., y Guyatt, G.H. (2010). The minimal detectable change cannot reliably replace the minimal important difference. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 63, 28-36. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.01.024
Urra-Medina, E., y Barría-Pailaquilén, R. (2010). Systematic review and its relationship with Evidence-Based Practice in health. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermería, 18(4), 824-831.
Vázquez, C., y Nieto, M. (2003). Psicología (clínica) basada en la evidencia(PBE): una revisión conceptual y metodológica. En J.L. Romero (Ed).Psicópolis: Paradigmas actuales y alternativos en la psicología contemporánea. Barcelona. Paidós.
Vera-Villarroel, P., y Mustaca, A. (2006). Investigaciones en psicología clínica basadas en la evidencia en Chile y Argentina. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 38(3), 551-565.