Self-control and Reactive Aggression in Mexican Adolescents
Main Article Content
Abstract
Reactive and proactive aggression are two of the main types of aggression identified in bullying. Some research suggests that self-control contributes to a decrease in proactive and reactive aggression. However, studies that have investigated the relationships of these variables with self-control in the Mexican context are scarce. The aim of this study was to explore the relationships between self-control with reactive and proactive aggression in Mexican adolescents. The sample was selected in a non-probabilistic way, the participants in this study were 300 adolescents with ages between 12 and 18 (M age = 14, SD = 1.55), 147 (49 %) were male, while 153 (51 %) were female. Self-control was measured with the subscale Values in Action Inventory of Strengths (VIA-Youth; Park & Peterson, 2006), for reactive and proactive aggression we use the Reactive and Proactive Aggression Questionnaire (QRP; Raine et al., 2006). Results indicate that self-control was negatively and significantly related to reactive and proactive aggression. This may indicate that adolescents with a higher level of self-control have a lower frequency of proactive aggression. this study contributes to understand the different types of aggression in school bullying in adolescents. In addition, the results suggest that self-control may decrease peer aggression.
References
Abel, M. R., Poquiz, J. L., Fite, P. J., & Doyle, R. L. (2020). Reactive Aggression and Suicidal Behaviors in Children Receiving Outpatient Psychological Services: The Moderating Role of Hyperactivity and Inattention. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 51, 2–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-019-00905-5
Andreu, J. M., Peña, M. E., y Larroy, C. (2010). Conducta antisocial, impulsividad y creencias justificativas: análisis de sus interrelaciones con la agresión proactiva y reactiva en adolescentes. Psicología Conductual 18(1), 57–72. Recuperado de https://doi.org/10.22146/bip.39370
Ang, R., Huan, V., Li, X., Chan, W., Ang, R.P., Huan, V. S., & Chan, W.T. (2016). Factor structure and invariance of the Reactive and Proactive Aggression Questionnaire in a large sample of young adolescents in Singapore. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 47(6), 883- 889. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-015-0619-y
Aquino, K., and Reed, A. (2002). The self-importance of moral identity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83, 1423–1440.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.83.6.1423
Bandura, A. (1986). Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073916669596
Baumeister, R.F., Vohs, K.D., & Tice, D.M. (2007). The Strength Model of Self-Control. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16(6), 351–355.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00534.x
Card, N. A., & Little, T. D. (2006). Proactive and reactive aggression in childhood and adolescence: A meta-analysis of differential relations with psychosocial adjustment. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 30(5), 466-480.
Cho, S. (2018). The impact of low self-control and delinquent peer associations on bullying perpetration and victimization among South Korean adolescents: Time-concurrent, time- lagged, and latent growth curve modeling. Journal of School Violence, 17(4), 500-520. https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2018.1453821
Cho, S., Glassner, S., & Min Lee, J. (2019). Impact of low self-control, parental involvement, and peer relationships on changes of bullying perpetration over time: A latent growth curve model of a sample of South Korean adolescents. Children and Youth Services Review, 104. Article e104397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104397
Compton, W. C. & Hoffman, E. (2013). Positive Psychology: The Science of Happiness and Flourishing (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Crick, N. R., & Dodge, K. A. (1996). Social information-processing mechanisms on reactive and proactive aggression. Child Development, 67(3), 993-1002. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131875
Deschamps, P. K., Verhulp, E. E., de Castro, B. O., & Matthys, W. (2018). Proactive aggression in early school-aged children with externalizing behavior problems: A longitudinal study on the influence of empathy in response to distress. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 88(3), 346–353.
https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000319
Dixon, M. R., & Tibbetts, P. A. (2009). The effects of choice on self‐control. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 42, 243–252. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2009.42-243
Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(16), 5760. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165760
Farrington, D. P. (2007). Advancing knowledge about desistance. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 23(1), 125-134. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043986206298954
García, F. I., Valdés, A. & Parra, L. G. (2020). The effects of forgiveness, gratitude, and self- control on reactive and proactive aggression in bullying. International Journal of
https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025406071904
Huebner, E.S., Gilman, R., & Furlong, M.J. (2009). A conceptual model for research in positive psychology in children and youth. In R. Gilman, E. S. Huebner, & M. Furlong (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology in the schools: Promoting wellness in children and youth (pp. 3–8). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
J. (2015). Reactive and proactive aggression: Differential links with emotion regulation difficulties, maternal criticism in adolescence. Aggressive Behavior, 41(3), 214-226. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21583
Jambon, M., Colasante, T., Peplak, J., & Malti, T. (2019). Anger, Sympathy, and Children’s Reactive and Proactive Aggression: Testing a Differential Correlate Hypothesis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 47, 1013–1024.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-018-0498-3
Jambroes, T., Jansen, L. M. C., v.d. Ven, P. M., Claassen, T., Glennon, J. C., Vermeiren, R., Doreleijers, T. H. A., & Popma, A. (2018). Dimensions of psychopathy in relation to proactive and reactive aggression: Does intelligence matter? Personality and Individual Differences, 129, 76-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.03.001
Jara, N., Casas, J. A., & Ortega-Ruiz, R. (2017). Proactive and reactive aggressive behavior in bullying: The role of values. International Journal of Education Psychology, 6(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.17583/ijep.2017.2515
Jones, S. (2017). Does choice of measure matter? Assessing the similarities and differences among self-control scales. Journal of Criminal Justice, 50, 78-85.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2017.04.005
Lacey, A., & Cornell, D. (2013). The Impact of Teasing and Bullying on Schoolwide Academic Performance. Journal of Applied School Psychology, 29, 262-283. https://doi.org/10.1080/15377903.2013.806883
Laird, R. D., Marks, L. D., & Marrero, M. D. (2011). Religiosity, self-control, and antisocial behavior: Religiosity as a promotive and protective factor. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 32(2), 78-85.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2010.12.003
Lapsley, D., and Narvaez, D. (2013). A social-cognitive approach to the moral personality,” in Moral Development, Self, and Identity, eds D. Lapsley, and D. Narvaez, (New York, NY: Psychology Press), 189–212.
Latzman, R. D., & Vaidya, J. G. (2013). Common and Distinct Associations Between Aggression and Alcohol Problems with Trait Disinhibition. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 35, 186–196.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-012-9330-5
Latzman, R. D., Vaidya, J. G., Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (2011). Components of disinhibition (vs. constraint) differentially predict aggression and alcohol use. European journal of personality 25(6). https://doi.org/10.1002/per.821
Maneiro, L., Cutrín, O., & Gómez-Fraguela, X. A. (2020). Gender Differences in the Personality Correlates of Reactive and Proactive Aggression in a Spanish Sample of Young Adults. Journal of Interpersonal Violence
https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520957697
Martínez, N. (2018). Contra el acoso escolar ¡Todos a una! Revista Padres y Maestro, 373, 25-40. https://doi.org/10.14422/pym.i373.y2018.006
Mendoza, G, B. y Pedroza, C, F. J. (2015). Evaluación de un programa de intervención para disminuir el acoso escolar y la conducta disruptiva. Acta de investigación psicológica, 5(2), 1947-1959.
Miles, A., and Upenieks, L. (2018). An expanded model of the moral self: beyond care and justice. Social Science Research 72, 1–19.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2018.02.004
Moore, C. C., Hubbard, J., Morrow, M. T., Barhight, L. R., Lines, M. M., Sallee, M., & Hyde, C. T. (2018). The simultaneous assessment of and relations between children’s sympathetic and parasympathetic psychophysiology and their reactive and proactive aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 44(6) 614–623. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21786
Olweus, D. (2003). Bullying at school. United, State: Blackwell.
Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura. (2016). PISA 2015 Results. Excellence and Equity in Education, 1. https://tinyurl.com/yygkmhpv
Park, N. (2004). The role of subjective well-being in positive youth development. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 591(1), 25–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716203260078
Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2006). Moral competence and character strengths among adolescents: The development and validation of the Values in Action Inventory of Strengths for Youth. Journal of Adolescence, 29(6), 891-909.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2006.04.011
Pérez-Fuentes, M.C., Molero, M.M., Carrión, J. J., Mercader, I., & Gázquez, J.J. (2016). Sensation-seeking and impulsivity as predictors of reactive and proactive aggression in adolescents. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, Article e1447. Recuperado de https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01447
Raine, A., Dodge, K., Loeber, R., Gatzke-Kopp, L., Lynam, D., Reynolds, C., & Jianghong., L. (2006). The reactive–proactive aggression questionnaire: differential correlates of reactive and proactive aggression in adolescent boys. Aggressive Behavior, 32(2), 159-171. Recuperado de https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20115
Ramírez, J. M., & Andreu, J. M. (2003). Aggression’s typologies. International Review of Social Psychology, 16, 125–141.
Skripkauskaite, S., Hawk, S. T., Branje, S. J. T., Koot, H. M., van Lier, P. A. C., & Meeus, W. H.
Tampke, E. C., Fite, P. J., & Cooley, J. L. (2020). Bidirectional associations between affective empathy and proactive and reactive aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 1-10. Recuperado de https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21891
Tangney, J. P., Baumeister, R. F., & Boone, A. L. (2004). High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success. Journal of Personality, 72(2), 271-324. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00263.x
Ttofi, M.M., & Farrington, D.P. (2012). Risk and protective factors, longitudinal research, and bullying prevention. New Directions for Youth Development 1(33), 85-98. https://doi.org/10.1002/yd.20009
Vitaro, F., Brendgen, M., & Tremblay, RE (2002). Reactively and proactively aggressive children: antecedents and subsequent characteristics. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43, 495-505. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00040
Vize, C. E., Collison, K. L., & Lynam, D. R. (2020). The importance of antagonism: explaining similarities and differences in psychopathy and narcissism’s relations with aggression and externalizing outcomes. Journal of Personality Disorders, 1–13.
https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2020_34_342
White, B. A., & Turner, K. A. (2014). Anger rumination and effortful control: Mediation effects on reactive but not proactive aggression. Personality and Individual Differences 56, 186-189. Recuperado de https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.08.012
Winstok, Z. (2009). From self-control capabilities and the need to control others to proactive and reactive aggression among adolescents. Journal of Adolescence 32(3), 1-13. Recuperado de https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.adolescence.2008.08.006
Wong, K.K. & Raine, A. (2019). Peer Problems and Low Self-esteem Mediate the Suspicious and Non-suspicious Schizotypy–Reactive Aggression Relationship in Children and Adolescents. Journal Youth Adolescence 48, 2241-2254. Recuperado de