Linguistics and Behaviour Analysis in the Functional Conceptualization of Verbal Irony
Linguistics and Behaviour Analysis in the Functional Conceptualization of Verbal Irony
Main Article Content
Abstract
The aim of this study is to identify the concept of irony as expressed in the 1957 book by B.F. Skinner, Verbal Behaviour, and to enlarge it with the definitions of irony contained in the 1961 work by M.H.N. Paiva, Contribution to a Stylistic Irony. Skinner’s concept of irony was interpreted using behavioural hermeneutics. Skinner's and Paiva's work complement each other; Skinner’s concept of irony was merged into Paiva's definition of irony. The result shows that Skinner´s irony can be conceptualized as a verbal behaviour under multiple control from stimuli and motivational operations and directed to multiple audiences with different functions. Paiva contributes by differentiating the five types of irony and the atmospheres that can indicate different and important functions of the ridicule that the irony generates. The conclusion is that this attachment contributes to the functional analysis of verbal irony and can point to where, how and why (for what) this behaviour is emitted with respect to the various facets of ridicule
References
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Cameron, E.L., Hedman, L., Didkowsky, D., Tapanya, S., & Cameron, C.A. (2013). “If everyone
copies me, thailand will be so much better off”: the power of verbal irony in youth conversation. International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies, 2, 189-208.
Catania, A.C. (1988). Autoclitic processes and the structure of behaviour. Behaviourism, 175-186.
Catania, A.C. (1999). Aprendizagem: comportamento, linguagem e cognição. Porto Alegre: Artmed. Castro, M.L.D. (1990). Ironia: uma reflexão interdisciplinar. Verso & Reverso, 45-57.
Chomsky, N. (1959). Reviewed work(s): Verbal behaviour by B.F. Skinner. Linguistic Society of America, 26-58.
Dahás, L.J.S., Goulart, P.RK., & Souza, C.B.A. (2008). Pode o comportamento do ouvinte ser considerado verbal? Revista Brasileira de Terapia Comportamental e Cognitiva, 281-291. Dennis, M., Simic, N., Agostino, A., Taylor, H.G., Bigler, E.D., Rubin, K., Vannatta, K., Gerhardt, C.A., Stancin, T., & Yeates, K.O. (2013). Irony and empathy in children with traumatic brain injury. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 19, 1-11.
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Gibbs, R.W. (2000). Emotional reactions to verbal irony. Discourse Processes, 1-24.
Giora, R., Fein, O., & Schwartz, T. (1998). Irony: Grade Salience and Indirect Negation. Metaphor and Symbol, 83-101.
Glucksberg, S. & Keysar, B. (1990). Understanding Metaphorical comparisons: Beyond Similarity. Psychological Review, 3-18.
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Hancock, J.T. (2004). Verbal irony use in face-to-face and computer mediated conversations. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 447-463.
Houaiss, A. & Villar, M. de S. (2001). Dicionário Houaiss da Língua Portuguesa. Instituto Antônio Houaiss de Lexicografia e Banco de Dados da Língua Portuguesa. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva.
Hubner, M.M.C., Miguel, C.F., & Michael, J. (2005). Controle múltiplo no comportamento verbal:
humour brasileiro e operantes relacionados. Revista Brasileira de Análise do Comportamento, 7-14.
Hutchens, E.N. (1960). The Identification of Irony. English Literary History, 352-363.
Hutcheon, L. (1992). The complex functions of irony. Revista Canadiense de Estudios Hispânicos, 219-234.
Ivanko, S.L., Pexman, P.M., & Olineck, K.M. (2004). How Sarcastic Are You? Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 244-271.
Jorgensen, J. (1996). The functions of sarcastic irony in speech. Journal of Pragmatics, 613-634.
Knox, N. (1961). The word irony and its context. Durham, NC, Duke UP.
Kreuz, R.J. (1996). The use of verbal irony: cues and constraints. In J.S. Mio & A.N. Katz (Eds.), Metaphor: implications and applications. New Jersey: Lawrencw Erlbaum Ass.
Kreuz, R.J. & Roberts, R.M. (1994). Why do People use figurative language? Psychological Science, 159-163.
Kreuz, R.J., Kassler, M.A., Coppenrath, L., & Mclain, A.B. (1999). Tag Questions and Common Ground Effects in the Perception of irony. Journal of Pragmatics, 1685-1700.
Link, K.E. & Kreuz, R.J. (2002). Asymmetries in the Use of Verbal Irony. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 127-143.
Messa, L.C.S. (2011). Ironia Verbal: do conceito Skinneriano à análise do discurso jurídico irônico. Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES.
Michael, J. (1982). Skinner's elementary verbal relations: some new categories. The Analysis of Verbal Behaviour, 1, 1-3.
Paiva, M.H.N. (1961). Contribuição para uma estilística da ironia. Lisboa: Publicações do Centro de Estudos Filológicos.
Pexman, P.M. (2008). It´s Facinating Research: The cognition of Verbal Irony. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2, 286-290.
Place, U.T. (1998). Sentence and sentence structure in the analysis of verbal behaviour. The analysis of verbal behaviour, Kalamazoo, MI, 131-133.
Raymond, W. & Gibbs, Jr. (2012). Are ironic acts deliberate? Journal of Pragmatic, 44, 104-115.
Reyes, A., Rosso, P., & Buscaldi, D. (2012). From humor recognition to irony detection: the figurative language of social media. Data & Knowledge Engineering, 74, 1-12.
Richelle, M.N. (1976). Formal analysis and functional analysis of verbal behaviour: Notes on the debate between Chomsky and Skinner. Behaviourism, 209-221.
Roty, R. (1989). Contingency, irony and solidarity. Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. New York.
Rockwell, P. (2000). Lower, Slower, Louder: Vocal Cues of Sarcasm. Journal of Psycholinguistics Research, 483-495.
Sacramento, M. (2002). Eça de Queirós: uma estética da ironia. Imprensa Nacional, Casa da moeda.
Skinner, B.F. (1957). Verbal Behaviour. New York: Appleton-Century-Cofts.
Skinner, B.F. (1986). The Evolution of Verbal Behaviour. Journal of Experimental Analysis of Behaviour, 115-122.
Seixas, N.S.A. (2006). Jornalismo e ironia: produção de sentido em jornais impressos no Brasil. Tese de doutorado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil.
Sundberg, M.L. & Michael, J. (2001). The benefits of Skinner´s analysis of verbal behaviour for children with autism. Behaviour Modification, 698-724.
Teixeira Jr., R.R. & Souza, M.A. O. (2006) Vocabulário de Análise do Comportamento: um manual de consulta para termos usados na área. São Paulo: ESETec.
Terrell, D.J. & Johnson, J.M. (1989). Logic, reasoning and verbal behaviour. The BehaviourAnalyst, 35-44.
Travaglia, L.C. (1990). Uma introdução ao estudo do humour pela linguística. DELTA, 55-82.
Wilson, D. (2006). The pragmatics of verbal irony: echo or pretence? Língua, 1722-1743
Zalla, T., Amsellem, F., Chaste, P., Ervas, F., Leboyer, M., et al. (2014). Individuals with autism spectrum disorders do not use social stereotypes in irony comprehension. PLoS ONE, 9, 1-9.
Baum, W.M. (1999). Compreender o Behaviourismo: ciência, comportamento e cultura. Traduction of M.T.A. Silva, M.A. Matos, G.O. Tomanari e E.Z. Tourinho. Porto Alegre: Artes Médicas. (Trabalho original publicado em 1994).
Borloti, E. (2003). O discurso de Skinner: uma análise funcional do citar no Verbal Behaviour. Tese de doutorado, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, São Paulo SP.
Borloti, E. (2004). As relações verbais elementares e o processo autoclítico. Revista Brasileira de Terapia Comportamental e Cognitiva, 221-236.
Borloti, E., Iglesias, A., Dalvi, M.C. & Silva, R.D.M. (2008). Análise Comportamental do Discurso. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 101-110.
Borloti, E. & Hubner, M.M. (2010). O Autoclítico e a construção verbal. Sobre Comportamento e Cognição. Santo André, SP: ESETec.
Borloti, E., Fonseca, K.F., Charpinel, C.P., & Lira, K.M. (2009). Uma Análise EtimológicoFuncional de nomes de sentimentos. Revista Brasileira de Terapia Comportamental de Cognitiva, 67-81.
Brait, B. (1996). Ironia em perspectiva polifônica. Campinas, SP. UNICAMP.
Cameron, E.L., Hedman, L., Didkowsky, D., Tapanya, S., & Cameron, C.A. (2013). “If everyone
copies me, thailand will be so much better off”: the power of verbal irony in youth conversation. International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies, 2, 189-208.
Catania, A.C. (1988). Autoclitic processes and the structure of behaviour. Behaviourism, 175-186.
Catania, A.C. (1999). Aprendizagem: comportamento, linguagem e cognição. Porto Alegre: Artmed. Castro, M.L.D. (1990). Ironia: uma reflexão interdisciplinar. Verso & Reverso, 45-57.
Chomsky, N. (1959). Reviewed work(s): Verbal behaviour by B.F. Skinner. Linguistic Society of America, 26-58.
Dahás, L.J.S., Goulart, P.RK., & Souza, C.B.A. (2008). Pode o comportamento do ouvinte ser considerado verbal? Revista Brasileira de Terapia Comportamental e Cognitiva, 281-291. Dennis, M., Simic, N., Agostino, A., Taylor, H.G., Bigler, E.D., Rubin, K., Vannatta, K., Gerhardt, C.A., Stancin, T., & Yeates, K.O. (2013). Irony and empathy in children with traumatic brain injury. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 19, 1-11.
Dreher, A.U. (2008). Pluralismo na teoria e na pesquisa : e agora? Rev. bras. Psicanálise, 131-153. Duarte, L.P. (2006). Ironia e humour na literatura. Cadernos de Pesquisa, 9-20.
Fussel, S.R. & Kreuz, R.J. (1998). Social Cognitive Approaches to Interpersonal Communication. The Electronic Journal for English as a Second Language, 220-298.
Goulart, P. & Assis, G.J.A. (2002). Estudos sobre autismo em análise do comportamento: aspectos metodológicos. Revista Brasileira de terapiaComportamental e Cognitiva, 151-165.
Gerrig. R.J. & Gibbs, R.W. (1988). Beyond the lexicon: Creativity in languageproduction. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity, 1-19.
Gibbs, R.W. (2007). Irony in talk among friends. In R.W. Gibbs, H.L. Colston (Eds.). Irony in Language ang thought: a Cognitive Science Reader (pp. 339-360). New York: Taylor and Francis Group.
Gibbs, R.W. (1986). On the Psycholinguistics of Sarcasm. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 315.
Gibbs, R.W. (1994). The Poetics Of Mind: Figurative Thought, Language And Understanding.
United Kingdom: University of Cambridge Press.
Gibbs, R.W. (2000). Emotional reactions to verbal irony. Discourse Processes, 1-24.
Giora, R., Fein, O., & Schwartz, T. (1998). Irony: Grade Salience and Indirect Negation. Metaphor and Symbol, 83-101.
Glucksberg, S. & Keysar, B. (1990). Understanding Metaphorical comparisons: Beyond Similarity. Psychological Review, 3-18.
Grice, H.P. (1989). Studies in the Way of Words. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
Grice, H.P. (1996). Readings in language and mind. In H.Geirson & M. Losonsky (Eds.), Logic and conversation (pp. 121-133). Massachussetts: Blackwell Publishers.
Grice, H.P. (1998). Pragmatics critical concepts. In A.Kasher (Ed.), Further notes on logic and conversation (pp. 162-176). London: Routledge.
Hancock, J.T. (2004). Verbal irony use in face-to-face and computer mediated conversations. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 447-463.
Houaiss, A. & Villar, M. de S. (2001). Dicionário Houaiss da Língua Portuguesa. Instituto Antônio Houaiss de Lexicografia e Banco de Dados da Língua Portuguesa. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva.
Hubner, M.M.C., Miguel, C.F., & Michael, J. (2005). Controle múltiplo no comportamento verbal:
humour brasileiro e operantes relacionados. Revista Brasileira de Análise do Comportamento, 7-14.
Hutchens, E.N. (1960). The Identification of Irony. English Literary History, 352-363.
Hutcheon, L. (1992). The complex functions of irony. Revista Canadiense de Estudios Hispânicos, 219-234.
Ivanko, S.L., Pexman, P.M., & Olineck, K.M. (2004). How Sarcastic Are You? Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 244-271.
Jorgensen, J. (1996). The functions of sarcastic irony in speech. Journal of Pragmatics, 613-634.
Knox, N. (1961). The word irony and its context. Durham, NC, Duke UP.
Kreuz, R.J. (1996). The use of verbal irony: cues and constraints. In J.S. Mio & A.N. Katz (Eds.), Metaphor: implications and applications. New Jersey: Lawrencw Erlbaum Ass.
Kreuz, R.J. & Roberts, R.M. (1994). Why do People use figurative language? Psychological Science, 159-163.
Kreuz, R.J., Kassler, M.A., Coppenrath, L., & Mclain, A.B. (1999). Tag Questions and Common Ground Effects in the Perception of irony. Journal of Pragmatics, 1685-1700.
Link, K.E. & Kreuz, R.J. (2002). Asymmetries in the Use of Verbal Irony. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 127-143.
Messa, L.C.S. (2011). Ironia Verbal: do conceito Skinneriano à análise do discurso jurídico irônico. Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES.
Michael, J. (1982). Skinner's elementary verbal relations: some new categories. The Analysis of Verbal Behaviour, 1, 1-3.
Paiva, M.H.N. (1961). Contribuição para uma estilística da ironia. Lisboa: Publicações do Centro de Estudos Filológicos.
Pexman, P.M. (2008). It´s Facinating Research: The cognition of Verbal Irony. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2, 286-290.
Place, U.T. (1998). Sentence and sentence structure in the analysis of verbal behaviour. The analysis of verbal behaviour, Kalamazoo, MI, 131-133.
Raymond, W. & Gibbs, Jr. (2012). Are ironic acts deliberate? Journal of Pragmatic, 44, 104-115.
Reyes, A., Rosso, P., & Buscaldi, D. (2012). From humor recognition to irony detection: the figurative language of social media. Data & Knowledge Engineering, 74, 1-12.
Richelle, M.N. (1976). Formal analysis and functional analysis of verbal behaviour: Notes on the debate between Chomsky and Skinner. Behaviourism, 209-221.
Roty, R. (1989). Contingency, irony and solidarity. Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. New York.
Rockwell, P. (2000). Lower, Slower, Louder: Vocal Cues of Sarcasm. Journal of Psycholinguistics Research, 483-495.
Sacramento, M. (2002). Eça de Queirós: uma estética da ironia. Imprensa Nacional, Casa da moeda.
Skinner, B.F. (1957). Verbal Behaviour. New York: Appleton-Century-Cofts.
Skinner, B.F. (1986). The Evolution of Verbal Behaviour. Journal of Experimental Analysis of Behaviour, 115-122.
Seixas, N.S.A. (2006). Jornalismo e ironia: produção de sentido em jornais impressos no Brasil. Tese de doutorado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil.
Sundberg, M.L. & Michael, J. (2001). The benefits of Skinner´s analysis of verbal behaviour for children with autism. Behaviour Modification, 698-724.
Teixeira Jr., R.R. & Souza, M.A. O. (2006) Vocabulário de Análise do Comportamento: um manual de consulta para termos usados na área. São Paulo: ESETec.
Terrell, D.J. & Johnson, J.M. (1989). Logic, reasoning and verbal behaviour. The BehaviourAnalyst, 35-44.
Travaglia, L.C. (1990). Uma introdução ao estudo do humour pela linguística. DELTA, 55-82.
Wilson, D. (2006). The pragmatics of verbal irony: echo or pretence? Língua, 1722-1743
Zalla, T., Amsellem, F., Chaste, P., Ervas, F., Leboyer, M., et al. (2014). Individuals with autism spectrum disorders do not use social stereotypes in irony comprehension. PLoS ONE, 9, 1-9.