Differences in school anxiety in Ecuadorian high school students across gender and academic year
Differences in school anxiety in Ecuadorian high school students across gender and academic year
Main Article Content
Abstract
Currently, school anxiety is regarded by the scientific world as an emotional disorder, influencing from childhood to adolescence. Previous studies treating this disorder in infant-youth population report a high prevalence worldwide of about 10 to 20 per cent of pupils. However, in Ecuador, this area of research remains neglected. For this reason, the objective of this study was to see if there are differences in school anxiety according to sex and course for 720 Ecuadorian adoelscents between 15 and 18 years of age, enrolled between 1st and 3rd grade. For this purpose, the Inventario de Ansiedad Escolar en Secundaria (IAES) was used. The results show significantly higher scores in the female sex for the total of the IAES, as well as all the scale factors. Also, the main differences were observed statistically significative betewwn first and third of high school. In conclusion, these results are similar to previous studies carried out in other countries, which advocates the importance of designing and implementing programmes for intervention and prevention of school anxiety in the field of education.
References
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Reactividad emocional en una fobia específica: diferencias y patrones de concordancia en
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Batxer, A.J., Scott, K.M., Vos, T., y Whiteford, H.A. (2013). Global prevalence of anxiety disorders:
a systematic review and meta-regression. Psychological Medicine, 43(5), 897- 910. doi:
10.1017/S003329171200147X
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adolescents: developmental issues and implications for DSM-V. The Psychiatric Clinics
of North America, 32(3), 483-524. doi: 10.1016/j.psc.2009.06.002
Boyd, R.C., Ginsburg, G.S., Lambert, S.F., Cooley, M.R., y Campbell, K.D.M. (2003). Screen for
Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED): Psychometric properties in an
african-american parochial high school sample. Journal of the American Academy of
Child y Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(10), 1188-1196. doi: 10.1097/00004583-200310000-
00009
Burnham, J.J. (2011). Contemporary fears of children and adolescents: coping and resiliency in the
21st century. Journal of Counseling and Development, 87(1), 28-35. doi. 10.1002/j.1556-
6678.2009.tb00546.x
Burnham, J.J., y Gullone, E. (1997). The Fear Survey Schedule for Children-II: a psychometric
investigation with american data. Behavior Research and Therapy, 35(2), 165-173. doi:
10.1016/S0005-7967(96)00089-7
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Second Edition Hillsdale,
NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
Costello, E.J., Egger, H.L., y Angold, A. (2005). The developmental epideomiology of anxiety
disorders: phenomenology, prevalence, and comorbidity. Child and Adolescent
Psychiatric clinics of North America, 14(4), 631-648. doi: 10.1016/j.chc.2005.06.003
Cox, B.J. (1996). The nature and assessment of catastrophic thoughts in panic disorder. Behavior
Research and Therapy, 34(4), 363-374.
Dadds, M.R., Holland, D.E., Laurens, K.R., Mullins, M., Barrett, P.M., y Spence, S.H. (1999). Early
intervention and prevention of anxiety disorders in children: results at 2-year follow-up.
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67(1), 145-150.
Delgado, B., García-Fernández, J.M., Martínez-Monteagudo, M.C., Inglés, C.J., Marzo, J.C., La
Greca, A.M., y Hugon, M. (2019). Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents and School
Anxiety Inventory: pscyhometric properties in french adolescents. Child Psychiatry and
Human Development, 50(1), 13-26. doi: 10.1007/s10578-018-0818-4
Echeburúa-Odriozola, E. (2009). Trastornos de ansiedad en la infancia. Madrid: Pirámide.
Freudenthaler, H.H., Spinath, B., y Neubauer, A.C. (2008). Predicting school achievement in boys
and girls. European Journal of Personality, 22(3), 231-245. doi: 10.1002/per.678
García-Fernández, J.M., Inglés, C.J., Martínez-Monteagudo, M.C., Marzo, J.C., y Estévez, E.
(2011). Inventario de Ansiedad Escolar: validación en una muestra de estudiantes de
Educación Secundaria. Psicothema, 23(2), 301-307.
García-Fernández, J.M., Inglés, C.J., Martínez-Monteagudo, M.C., y Redondo, J. (2008).
Evaluación y tratamiento de la ansiedad escolar en la infancia y adolescencia. Psicología
Conductual, 16(3), 413-437.
García-Fernández, J.M., Martínez-Monteagudo, M.C., e Inglés, C. (2011). Diferencias según sexo
y curso en ansiedad escolar: estudio con una muestra de estudiantes españoles de
educación secundaria. Ansiedad y Estrés, 17(2/3), 137-148.
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Phobic and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: a clinician’s guide to effective
psychosocial and pharmacological interventions (pp. 236-271). Nueva York: Oxford
University Press.
Inglés, C.J., Piqueras, J.A., García-Fernández, J.M., García-López, L.J., Delgado, B., y
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psicofisiológicas y motoras de ansiedad social en la adolescencia. Psicothema, 22(3), 376-
381.
Jiménez-Ayala, C.E. (2017). Ansiedad escolar y su relación con las atribuciones académicas, el
autoconcepto, perfeccionismo y agresividad en una muestra de estudiantes ecuatorianos
de 12 a 18 años (Tesis doctoral). Universidad de Alicante, España.
Kessler, R.C., Angermeyer, M., Anthony, J.C., De Graaf, R., Demyttenaere, K., Gasquet, I., …
Bedirhan-Üstün, T. (2007). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of mental
disorders in the World Health Organization’s World Mental Health Survey Initiative.
World Psychiatry, 6(3), 168-176.
King, N.J., Tonge, B.J., Heyne, D., y Ollendick, T.H. (2000). Research on the cognitivebehavioral
treatment of school refusal: A review and recommendations. Clinical Psychology Review,
20, 495-507.
Last, C.G., Hansen, C., y Franco, N. (1998). Cognitive behavioural treatment of school phobia.
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 404-411.
Leikanger, E., Ingul, J.M., y Larsson, B. (2012). Sex and age-related anxiety in a community sample
of Norwegian adolescents. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 53(2), 150-157. doi;
10.111/j.1467-9450.2011.00915.x
Méndez, F.X., Inglés, C.J., Hidalgo, M.D., García-Fernández, J.M., y Quiles, M.J. (2003). Los
miedos en la infancia y la adolescencia: Un estudio descriptivo. Revista Electrónica de
Motivación y Emoción, 6(13).
Ollendick, T.H., y Seligman, L.D. (2005). Anxiety disorders. En C. Gillberg, R. Harrington, y
H.C. Steinhausen (Eds.), A clinician’s handbook of child and adolescent psychiatry
(pp. 144-187). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rao, P.A., Beidel, D.C., Turner, S.M., Ammerman, T., Crosby, L.E., y Sabellee, F.R. (2007). Social
anxiety disorder in childhood and adolescence: descriptive psychopathology. Behavior
Research and Therapy, 45, 1181-1191.
Steel, Z., Marnane, C., Iranpour, C., Chey, T., Jackson, J.W., Patel, V., y Silove, D. (2014). The
global prevalence of common mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis
1980-2013. International Journal of Epidemiology, 43(2), 476-493. doi:
10.1093/ije/dyu038
Steinhausen, H.C., Müller, N., y Metzcke, C.W. (2008). Frequency, stability and differentiation of
self-reported school fear and truancy in a community sample. Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry and Mental Health, 2(1), 1-11. doi: 10.1186/1753-2000-2-17
Sung, K.M., Puskar, K.R., y Sereika, S. (2006). Psychosocial factors and coping strategies of
adolescents in a rural Pennsylvania high school. Public Health Nursing, 23(6), 523-530.
doi 10.1111/j.1525-1446.2006.00589.x
Van Ameringen, M., Mancini, C., y Farvolden, P. (2003). The impact of anxiety disorders on
educational achievement. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 17(5), 561-571.
Reactividad emocional en una fobia específica: diferencias y patrones de concordancia en
el triple sistema de respuestas en función del género. Ansiedad y Estrés, 6(1), 93-104.
Batxer, A.J., Scott, K.M., Vos, T., y Whiteford, H.A. (2013). Global prevalence of anxiety disorders:
a systematic review and meta-regression. Psychological Medicine, 43(5), 897- 910. doi:
10.1017/S003329171200147X
Beesdo, K., Knappe, S., y Pine, D.S. (2009). Anxiety and anxiety disorders in children and
adolescents: developmental issues and implications for DSM-V. The Psychiatric Clinics
of North America, 32(3), 483-524. doi: 10.1016/j.psc.2009.06.002
Boyd, R.C., Ginsburg, G.S., Lambert, S.F., Cooley, M.R., y Campbell, K.D.M. (2003). Screen for
Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED): Psychometric properties in an
african-american parochial high school sample. Journal of the American Academy of
Child y Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(10), 1188-1196. doi: 10.1097/00004583-200310000-
00009
Burnham, J.J. (2011). Contemporary fears of children and adolescents: coping and resiliency in the
21st century. Journal of Counseling and Development, 87(1), 28-35. doi. 10.1002/j.1556-
6678.2009.tb00546.x
Burnham, J.J., y Gullone, E. (1997). The Fear Survey Schedule for Children-II: a psychometric
investigation with american data. Behavior Research and Therapy, 35(2), 165-173. doi:
10.1016/S0005-7967(96)00089-7
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Second Edition Hillsdale,
NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
Costello, E.J., Egger, H.L., y Angold, A. (2005). The developmental epideomiology of anxiety
disorders: phenomenology, prevalence, and comorbidity. Child and Adolescent
Psychiatric clinics of North America, 14(4), 631-648. doi: 10.1016/j.chc.2005.06.003
Cox, B.J. (1996). The nature and assessment of catastrophic thoughts in panic disorder. Behavior
Research and Therapy, 34(4), 363-374.
Dadds, M.R., Holland, D.E., Laurens, K.R., Mullins, M., Barrett, P.M., y Spence, S.H. (1999). Early
intervention and prevention of anxiety disorders in children: results at 2-year follow-up.
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67(1), 145-150.
Delgado, B., García-Fernández, J.M., Martínez-Monteagudo, M.C., Inglés, C.J., Marzo, J.C., La
Greca, A.M., y Hugon, M. (2019). Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents and School
Anxiety Inventory: pscyhometric properties in french adolescents. Child Psychiatry and
Human Development, 50(1), 13-26. doi: 10.1007/s10578-018-0818-4
Echeburúa-Odriozola, E. (2009). Trastornos de ansiedad en la infancia. Madrid: Pirámide.
Freudenthaler, H.H., Spinath, B., y Neubauer, A.C. (2008). Predicting school achievement in boys
and girls. European Journal of Personality, 22(3), 231-245. doi: 10.1002/per.678
García-Fernández, J.M., Inglés, C.J., Martínez-Monteagudo, M.C., Marzo, J.C., y Estévez, E.
(2011). Inventario de Ansiedad Escolar: validación en una muestra de estudiantes de
Educación Secundaria. Psicothema, 23(2), 301-307.
García-Fernández, J.M., Inglés, C.J., Martínez-Monteagudo, M.C., y Redondo, J. (2008).
Evaluación y tratamiento de la ansiedad escolar en la infancia y adolescencia. Psicología
Conductual, 16(3), 413-437.
García-Fernández, J.M., Martínez-Monteagudo, M.C., e Inglés, C. (2011). Diferencias según sexo
y curso en ansiedad escolar: estudio con una muestra de estudiantes españoles de
educación secundaria. Ansiedad y Estrés, 17(2/3), 137-148.
Gaudry, E., y Spielberg, C.D. (1971). Anxiety and educational achievement. New York: Wiley
Heyne, D., King, N.J., y Tonge, B. (2004). School refusal. En T.H. Ollendick y J.S. March (dirs.),
Phobic and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: a clinician’s guide to effective
psychosocial and pharmacological interventions (pp. 236-271). Nueva York: Oxford
University Press.
Inglés, C.J., Piqueras, J.A., García-Fernández, J.M., García-López, L.J., Delgado, B., y
Ruiz- Esteban, C. (2010). Diferencias de género y edad en respuestas cognitivas,
psicofisiológicas y motoras de ansiedad social en la adolescencia. Psicothema, 22(3), 376-
381.
Jiménez-Ayala, C.E. (2017). Ansiedad escolar y su relación con las atribuciones académicas, el
autoconcepto, perfeccionismo y agresividad en una muestra de estudiantes ecuatorianos
de 12 a 18 años (Tesis doctoral). Universidad de Alicante, España.
Kessler, R.C., Angermeyer, M., Anthony, J.C., De Graaf, R., Demyttenaere, K., Gasquet, I., …
Bedirhan-Üstün, T. (2007). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of mental
disorders in the World Health Organization’s World Mental Health Survey Initiative.
World Psychiatry, 6(3), 168-176.
King, N.J., Tonge, B.J., Heyne, D., y Ollendick, T.H. (2000). Research on the cognitivebehavioral
treatment of school refusal: A review and recommendations. Clinical Psychology Review,
20, 495-507.
Last, C.G., Hansen, C., y Franco, N. (1998). Cognitive behavioural treatment of school phobia.
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 404-411.
Leikanger, E., Ingul, J.M., y Larsson, B. (2012). Sex and age-related anxiety in a community sample
of Norwegian adolescents. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 53(2), 150-157. doi;
10.111/j.1467-9450.2011.00915.x
Méndez, F.X., Inglés, C.J., Hidalgo, M.D., García-Fernández, J.M., y Quiles, M.J. (2003). Los
miedos en la infancia y la adolescencia: Un estudio descriptivo. Revista Electrónica de
Motivación y Emoción, 6(13).
Ollendick, T.H., y Seligman, L.D. (2005). Anxiety disorders. En C. Gillberg, R. Harrington, y
H.C. Steinhausen (Eds.), A clinician’s handbook of child and adolescent psychiatry
(pp. 144-187). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rao, P.A., Beidel, D.C., Turner, S.M., Ammerman, T., Crosby, L.E., y Sabellee, F.R. (2007). Social
anxiety disorder in childhood and adolescence: descriptive psychopathology. Behavior
Research and Therapy, 45, 1181-1191.
Steel, Z., Marnane, C., Iranpour, C., Chey, T., Jackson, J.W., Patel, V., y Silove, D. (2014). The
global prevalence of common mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis
1980-2013. International Journal of Epidemiology, 43(2), 476-493. doi:
10.1093/ije/dyu038
Steinhausen, H.C., Müller, N., y Metzcke, C.W. (2008). Frequency, stability and differentiation of
self-reported school fear and truancy in a community sample. Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry and Mental Health, 2(1), 1-11. doi: 10.1186/1753-2000-2-17
Sung, K.M., Puskar, K.R., y Sereika, S. (2006). Psychosocial factors and coping strategies of
adolescents in a rural Pennsylvania high school. Public Health Nursing, 23(6), 523-530.
doi 10.1111/j.1525-1446.2006.00589.x
Van Ameringen, M., Mancini, C., y Farvolden, P. (2003). The impact of anxiety disorders on
educational achievement. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 17(5), 561-571.