Las relaciones románticas en adolescentes con problemas interiorizados y exteriorizados.
Las relaciones románticas en adolescentes con problemas interiorizados y exteriorizados.
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Resumo
El objetivo principal de este estudio fue examinar la influencia que cada problema psicológico tiene en la participación y la calidad las relaciones amorosas de los adolescentes. Para este estudio fue reclutada una muestra de 621 adolescentes (308 varones y 313 mujeres) con edades comprendidas entre 14 y 17 años. Los problemas psicológicos fueron evaluados mediante Youth Self-Report que evalúa los problemas de externalización (conductas agresivas, disruptivas, hiperactivas, antisociales y delictivas) y de internalización (depresión, ansiedad y aislamiento social). En contraste con los estudios anteriores, se han diferenciado los problemas de externalización e internalización "puros" de las formas de comorbilidad de trastornos psicológicos. Para explorar los aspectos cuantitativos de las relaciones amorosas se ha utilizado el número total de parejas y la media de la duración de las relaciones. Fueron empleados un inventario de relación y un inventario de satisfacción en la relación para medir el positivo (el compañerismo, la intimidad, la alianza y el apoyo fiable) y negativo (conflicto, antagonismo e influencia). Los resultados mostraron que los adolescentes con externalización pura o con problemas de comorbilidad, reportaron un mayor número total de parejas con respecto a los adolescentes con problemas de internalización pura. Además, tenían relaciones amorosas caracterizadas por rasgos cualitativos más negativos.
Referências
Achenbach, T.M. (1991). Manual for the youth self-report and 1991 profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont Department of Psychiatry.
Achenbach, T.M., Dumenci, L. & Rescorla, L. (2002). Ten-year comparisons of problems and competencies for national samples of youth: Self, parent and teacher reports. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 10, 194-203.
Achenbach, T.M. & McConaughy, S.H. (1997). Empirically based assessment of child and adolescent psychopathology: Practical implications (2nd ad.). Thousand Oaks CA US: Sage Publications.
Achenbach, T.M. & Rescorla, L.A. (2001). Manual for the ASEBA school age forms and profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth & Families.
Barber, B. & Eccles, J. (2003). The joy of romance: Healthy adolescent relationships as an educational agenda. In P. Florsheim (Ed.), Adolescent romantic relations and sexual behavior: theory, research, and practical implications (pp. 355-370). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Beyers, J. & Loeber, R. (2003). Untangling Developmental Relations Between Depressed Mood and Delinquency in Male Adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31, 247266.
Braithwaite, S.R., Delevi, R. & Fincham, F.D. (2010). Romantic relationships and the physical and mental health of college students. Personal Relationships, 17, 1-12.
Caspi, A. (2000). The child is father of the man: personality continuities from childhood to adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(1), 158-172.
Collins, W.A. (1997). Relationships and development during adolescence: Interpersonal adaptation to individual change. Personal Relationships, 4, 1-14.
Collins, W.A. (2003). More than myth: The developmental significance of romantic relationships during adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 13(1), 1-24.
Compian, L., Gowen, L.K. & Hayward, C. (2004). Peripubertal girls' romantic and platonic involvement with boys: Associations with body image and depression symptoms. Journalof Research on Adolescence, 14, 23-47.
Crick, N.R. & Zahn-Waxler, C. (2003). The development of psychopathology in females and males: Current progress and future challenges. Development and Psychopathology, 15, 719-742.
Daley, S.E. & Hammen, C. (2002). Depressive symptoms and close relationships during the transition to adulthood: Perspectives from dysphoric women, their best friends, and their romantic partners. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 129-141.
Darcy, K., Davila, J. & Beck, J.G. (2005). Is social anxiety associated with both interpersonal avoidance and interpersonal dependence? Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29, 171-186.
Darling, N., Dowdy, B.B., Van Horn, M.L & Caldwell, L.L. (1999). Mixed-sex settings and the perception of competence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 28, 461-480.
Davila, J. (2008). Depressive symptoms and adolescent romance: theory, research, and implications. Child Development Perspective, 2(1), 26-31.
Davila, J. & Beck, J.G. (2002). Is social anxiety associated with impairment in close relationships? A preliminary investigation. Behavior Therapy, 33, 427-446.
Davila, J., Steinberg, S.J., Kachadourian, L., Cobb, R. & Fincham, F. (2004). Romantic
involvement and depressive symptoms in early and late adolescence: The role of preoccupied relational style. Personal Relationships, 11, 161-178.
Feiring, C., Deblinger, E., Hoch-Espada, A. & Haworth, T. (2002). Romantic relationship aggression and attitudes in high school students: The role of gender, grade, and attachment and emotional styles. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 31, 373-385.
Furman, W. (1996). The measurement of friendship perceptions: Conceptual and methodological issues. In W.M. Bukowski, A.F. Newcomb & W.W. Hartup (Eds.), The company they keep: Friendship in childhood and adolescence (pp. 41-65). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Furman, W. & Collins, W.A. (2007). Adolescent romantic relationships and experiences. In K.H. Rubin, W. Bukowski & B. Laursen (Eds.), Handbook of peer interaction, relationships, and groups. New York: Guildford Press.
Furman, W., Ho, M.H. & Low, S.M. (2007). The rocky road of adolescent romantic experience: Dating and adjustment. In R.C.M.E. Engles, M. Kerr & H. Stattin (Eds.), Friends, lovers, and groups: Key relationships in adolescence (pp. 61-80). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Furman, W. & Schaffer, L. (2003). The role of romantic relationships in adolescent development. In Florsheim, P. (Ed.), Adolescent romantic relations and sexual behavior: theory, research, and practical implications. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Garnefski, N., Kraij, V. & van Etten, M. (2005). Specificity of relations between adolescents’ cognitive emotion regulation strategies and Internalizing and Externalizing psychopathology. Journal of Adolescence, 28, 619-631.
Giordano, P.C., Manning, W.D. & Longmore, M.A. (2006). Adolescent romantic relationships: An emerging portrait of their nature and developmental significance. In A.C. Crouter and A. Booth (Eds.), Romance and Sex in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: Risks and Opportunities (pp. 127-150). Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Guarnieri, S. & Tani, F. (2011). Uno strumento per lo studio delle reti sociali: Adattamento italiano del Network of Relationships Inventory. [A measure for the study of social networks: The Italian version of the Network of Relationships Inventory]. Italian Journal of Developmental Psychology, 98, 7-23.
Guarnier S. & Tani F. (2011), Reti sociali e soddisfazione di vita durante l’emerging adulthood [Social network and life satisfaction in emerging adulthood]. Journal of Developmental Psychology, 99, 34-52.
Hammen, C., Brennan, P., Keenan-Miller, D., & Herr, N. (2008). Early onset recurrent subtype of adolescent depression: Clinical and psychosocial correlates. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 433–440.
Heller, D., Watson, D. & Ilies R. (2006). The dynamic process of life satisfaction. Journal of Personality, 74(5), 1421-1450.
Henggeler, S. & Sheidow, A. (2003). Conduct disorder and delinquency. Journal of Marital & Family Therapy, 29, 505-522.
Joyner, K. & Udry, R. (2000). You don’t bring me anything but down: Adolescent romance and depression. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 41, 369-391.
Krueger, R.F. & Markon, K.E. (2006). Reinterpreting comorbidity: A model-based approach to understanding and classifying psychopathology. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 2, 111-133.
La Greca, A.M. & Harrison, H.M. (2005). Adolescent peer relations, friendships, and romantic relationships: Do they predict social anxiety and depression? Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34, 49-61.
Linder, J.R., Crick, N.R. & Collins, W.A. (2002). Relational aggression and victimization in
young adults’ romantic relationship: Association with perception of parent, peer, and romantic relationship quality. Social Development, 11(1), 69-86.
Liu, J. (2004). Childhood externalizing behavior: Theory and implications. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 17, 93-103.
Moffitt, T., Caspi, A., Rutter, M. & Silva, P.A. (2001). Sex, antisocial behavior, and mating: Mate selection and early childbearing In T. Moffitt, A. Caspi, M. Rutter & P.A. Silva (Eds.), Sex differences in antisocial behavior: Conduct disorder, delinquency, and violence in the Dunedin longitudinal study (pp. 184-197). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Oland, A. & Shaw, D. (2005). Pure versus co-occurring externalizing and internalizing symptoms in children: The potential role of socio-developmental milestones. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 8, 247-270.
Ostrov J.M. & Collins A. (2007). Social dominance in romantic relationship: A prospective longitudinal study of non-verbal processes. Social Development, 16(3), 580-595.
Purdie, V. & Downey, G. (2000). Rejection sensitivity and adolescent girls' vulnerability to relationship-centered difficulties. Child Maltreatment, 5, 338-349.
Reynolds, W.M. (1992). Depression in children and adolescents. In W.M. Reynolds (Ed.), Internalizing disorders in children and adolescents (pp. 149-253). New York: Wiley.
Seiffge-Krenke, I. (2003). Testing theories of romantic development from adolescence to young adulthood: Evidence of a developmental sequence. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 27, 519-531.
Smorti, M., Benvenuti, P. & Pazzagli, A. (2010). Risk and protective factors in adolescents’ alcohol and drug use [Fattori di rischio e di protezione nel consumo di alcolici e di sostanze degli adolescenti], Psicologia Clinica dello Sviluppo, 1, 55-78.
Smorti, M., Vanni, D., Benvenuti, P. & Pazzagli, A. (2009). Depressive features, coping strategies and family in adolescence [Caratteristiche depressive, strategie di coping e ambiente familiare in adolescenza], Psicologia della Salute, 3, 37- 53.
Steinberg, S.J. & Davila, J. (2008). Romantic functioning and depressive symptoms among early adolescent girls: The moderating role of parental emotional availability. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 37, 350-362.
Tani, F., Bonechi A., Ingoglia, S. & Smorti, M. (submitted), The Role of Communication Strategies on Psychological Abuse in Romantic Relationships during College, Journal of Social Psychology.
Tani, F., Guarnieri, S., Perini, E. & Maggino, F. (2009). Psychosocial disorder and quality of friendship in adolescence [Amicizia e disagio psicologico in adolescenza]. Psicologia Clinica dello Sviluppo, 2, 307-326.
Tani F. & Steca P. (2007), Soddisfazione di coppia e benessere della persona: determinanti
personali e relazionali [Couple satisfaction and individuals’ well-being: personal and relational determinants] . Età evolutiva, 86, 67-76.
van Dulmen M.H.M., Goncy E.A., Haydon K.C. & Collins W.A. (2008). Distinctiveness of adolescent and emerging adult romantic relationship features in predicting externalizing behavior problems. Journal of Youth Adolescence, 37, 336-345.
Vujeva, H.M. & Furman, W. (2011). Depressive Symptoms and Romantic Relationship Qualities from Adolescence through Emerging Adulthood: A Longitudinal Examination of Influences, Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 40(1), 123-135.
Williams, S., Connolly, J. & Segal, Z.V. (2001). Intimacy in relationships and cognitive vulnerability to depression in adolescent girls. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 25, 477-496.
Wittchen, H.U., Fuetsch, M., Sonntag, H., Mueller, N. & Liebowitz, M. (2000). Disability and quality of life in pure and comorbid social phobia: Findings from a controlled study. European Psychiatry, 15, 46-58.
Youngstrom, E., Findling, R. & Calabrese, J. (2003). Who Are the Comorbid Adolescents? Agreement between Psychiatric Diagnosis, Youth, Parent, and Teacher Report. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31(3), 231-2.
Achenbach, T.M., Dumenci, L. & Rescorla, L. (2002). Ten-year comparisons of problems and competencies for national samples of youth: Self, parent and teacher reports. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 10, 194-203.
Achenbach, T.M. & McConaughy, S.H. (1997). Empirically based assessment of child and adolescent psychopathology: Practical implications (2nd ad.). Thousand Oaks CA US: Sage Publications.
Achenbach, T.M. & Rescorla, L.A. (2001). Manual for the ASEBA school age forms and profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth & Families.
Barber, B. & Eccles, J. (2003). The joy of romance: Healthy adolescent relationships as an educational agenda. In P. Florsheim (Ed.), Adolescent romantic relations and sexual behavior: theory, research, and practical implications (pp. 355-370). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Beyers, J. & Loeber, R. (2003). Untangling Developmental Relations Between Depressed Mood and Delinquency in Male Adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31, 247266.
Braithwaite, S.R., Delevi, R. & Fincham, F.D. (2010). Romantic relationships and the physical and mental health of college students. Personal Relationships, 17, 1-12.
Caspi, A. (2000). The child is father of the man: personality continuities from childhood to adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(1), 158-172.
Collins, W.A. (1997). Relationships and development during adolescence: Interpersonal adaptation to individual change. Personal Relationships, 4, 1-14.
Collins, W.A. (2003). More than myth: The developmental significance of romantic relationships during adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 13(1), 1-24.
Compian, L., Gowen, L.K. & Hayward, C. (2004). Peripubertal girls' romantic and platonic involvement with boys: Associations with body image and depression symptoms. Journalof Research on Adolescence, 14, 23-47.
Crick, N.R. & Zahn-Waxler, C. (2003). The development of psychopathology in females and males: Current progress and future challenges. Development and Psychopathology, 15, 719-742.
Daley, S.E. & Hammen, C. (2002). Depressive symptoms and close relationships during the transition to adulthood: Perspectives from dysphoric women, their best friends, and their romantic partners. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 129-141.
Darcy, K., Davila, J. & Beck, J.G. (2005). Is social anxiety associated with both interpersonal avoidance and interpersonal dependence? Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29, 171-186.
Darling, N., Dowdy, B.B., Van Horn, M.L & Caldwell, L.L. (1999). Mixed-sex settings and the perception of competence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 28, 461-480.
Davila, J. (2008). Depressive symptoms and adolescent romance: theory, research, and implications. Child Development Perspective, 2(1), 26-31.
Davila, J. & Beck, J.G. (2002). Is social anxiety associated with impairment in close relationships? A preliminary investigation. Behavior Therapy, 33, 427-446.
Davila, J., Steinberg, S.J., Kachadourian, L., Cobb, R. & Fincham, F. (2004). Romantic
involvement and depressive symptoms in early and late adolescence: The role of preoccupied relational style. Personal Relationships, 11, 161-178.
Feiring, C., Deblinger, E., Hoch-Espada, A. & Haworth, T. (2002). Romantic relationship aggression and attitudes in high school students: The role of gender, grade, and attachment and emotional styles. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 31, 373-385.
Furman, W. (1996). The measurement of friendship perceptions: Conceptual and methodological issues. In W.M. Bukowski, A.F. Newcomb & W.W. Hartup (Eds.), The company they keep: Friendship in childhood and adolescence (pp. 41-65). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Furman, W. & Collins, W.A. (2007). Adolescent romantic relationships and experiences. In K.H. Rubin, W. Bukowski & B. Laursen (Eds.), Handbook of peer interaction, relationships, and groups. New York: Guildford Press.
Furman, W., Ho, M.H. & Low, S.M. (2007). The rocky road of adolescent romantic experience: Dating and adjustment. In R.C.M.E. Engles, M. Kerr & H. Stattin (Eds.), Friends, lovers, and groups: Key relationships in adolescence (pp. 61-80). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Furman, W. & Schaffer, L. (2003). The role of romantic relationships in adolescent development. In Florsheim, P. (Ed.), Adolescent romantic relations and sexual behavior: theory, research, and practical implications. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Garnefski, N., Kraij, V. & van Etten, M. (2005). Specificity of relations between adolescents’ cognitive emotion regulation strategies and Internalizing and Externalizing psychopathology. Journal of Adolescence, 28, 619-631.
Giordano, P.C., Manning, W.D. & Longmore, M.A. (2006). Adolescent romantic relationships: An emerging portrait of their nature and developmental significance. In A.C. Crouter and A. Booth (Eds.), Romance and Sex in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: Risks and Opportunities (pp. 127-150). Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Guarnieri, S. & Tani, F. (2011). Uno strumento per lo studio delle reti sociali: Adattamento italiano del Network of Relationships Inventory. [A measure for the study of social networks: The Italian version of the Network of Relationships Inventory]. Italian Journal of Developmental Psychology, 98, 7-23.
Guarnier S. & Tani F. (2011), Reti sociali e soddisfazione di vita durante l’emerging adulthood [Social network and life satisfaction in emerging adulthood]. Journal of Developmental Psychology, 99, 34-52.
Hammen, C., Brennan, P., Keenan-Miller, D., & Herr, N. (2008). Early onset recurrent subtype of adolescent depression: Clinical and psychosocial correlates. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 433–440.
Heller, D., Watson, D. & Ilies R. (2006). The dynamic process of life satisfaction. Journal of Personality, 74(5), 1421-1450.
Henggeler, S. & Sheidow, A. (2003). Conduct disorder and delinquency. Journal of Marital & Family Therapy, 29, 505-522.
Joyner, K. & Udry, R. (2000). You don’t bring me anything but down: Adolescent romance and depression. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 41, 369-391.
Krueger, R.F. & Markon, K.E. (2006). Reinterpreting comorbidity: A model-based approach to understanding and classifying psychopathology. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 2, 111-133.
La Greca, A.M. & Harrison, H.M. (2005). Adolescent peer relations, friendships, and romantic relationships: Do they predict social anxiety and depression? Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34, 49-61.
Linder, J.R., Crick, N.R. & Collins, W.A. (2002). Relational aggression and victimization in
young adults’ romantic relationship: Association with perception of parent, peer, and romantic relationship quality. Social Development, 11(1), 69-86.
Liu, J. (2004). Childhood externalizing behavior: Theory and implications. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 17, 93-103.
Moffitt, T., Caspi, A., Rutter, M. & Silva, P.A. (2001). Sex, antisocial behavior, and mating: Mate selection and early childbearing In T. Moffitt, A. Caspi, M. Rutter & P.A. Silva (Eds.), Sex differences in antisocial behavior: Conduct disorder, delinquency, and violence in the Dunedin longitudinal study (pp. 184-197). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Oland, A. & Shaw, D. (2005). Pure versus co-occurring externalizing and internalizing symptoms in children: The potential role of socio-developmental milestones. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 8, 247-270.
Ostrov J.M. & Collins A. (2007). Social dominance in romantic relationship: A prospective longitudinal study of non-verbal processes. Social Development, 16(3), 580-595.
Purdie, V. & Downey, G. (2000). Rejection sensitivity and adolescent girls' vulnerability to relationship-centered difficulties. Child Maltreatment, 5, 338-349.
Reynolds, W.M. (1992). Depression in children and adolescents. In W.M. Reynolds (Ed.), Internalizing disorders in children and adolescents (pp. 149-253). New York: Wiley.
Seiffge-Krenke, I. (2003). Testing theories of romantic development from adolescence to young adulthood: Evidence of a developmental sequence. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 27, 519-531.
Smorti, M., Benvenuti, P. & Pazzagli, A. (2010). Risk and protective factors in adolescents’ alcohol and drug use [Fattori di rischio e di protezione nel consumo di alcolici e di sostanze degli adolescenti], Psicologia Clinica dello Sviluppo, 1, 55-78.
Smorti, M., Vanni, D., Benvenuti, P. & Pazzagli, A. (2009). Depressive features, coping strategies and family in adolescence [Caratteristiche depressive, strategie di coping e ambiente familiare in adolescenza], Psicologia della Salute, 3, 37- 53.
Steinberg, S.J. & Davila, J. (2008). Romantic functioning and depressive symptoms among early adolescent girls: The moderating role of parental emotional availability. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 37, 350-362.
Tani, F., Bonechi A., Ingoglia, S. & Smorti, M. (submitted), The Role of Communication Strategies on Psychological Abuse in Romantic Relationships during College, Journal of Social Psychology.
Tani, F., Guarnieri, S., Perini, E. & Maggino, F. (2009). Psychosocial disorder and quality of friendship in adolescence [Amicizia e disagio psicologico in adolescenza]. Psicologia Clinica dello Sviluppo, 2, 307-326.
Tani F. & Steca P. (2007), Soddisfazione di coppia e benessere della persona: determinanti
personali e relazionali [Couple satisfaction and individuals’ well-being: personal and relational determinants] . Età evolutiva, 86, 67-76.
van Dulmen M.H.M., Goncy E.A., Haydon K.C. & Collins W.A. (2008). Distinctiveness of adolescent and emerging adult romantic relationship features in predicting externalizing behavior problems. Journal of Youth Adolescence, 37, 336-345.
Vujeva, H.M. & Furman, W. (2011). Depressive Symptoms and Romantic Relationship Qualities from Adolescence through Emerging Adulthood: A Longitudinal Examination of Influences, Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 40(1), 123-135.
Williams, S., Connolly, J. & Segal, Z.V. (2001). Intimacy in relationships and cognitive vulnerability to depression in adolescent girls. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 25, 477-496.
Wittchen, H.U., Fuetsch, M., Sonntag, H., Mueller, N. & Liebowitz, M. (2000). Disability and quality of life in pure and comorbid social phobia: Findings from a controlled study. European Psychiatry, 15, 46-58.
Youngstrom, E., Findling, R. & Calabrese, J. (2003). Who Are the Comorbid Adolescents? Agreement between Psychiatric Diagnosis, Youth, Parent, and Teacher Report. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31(3), 231-2.