Competencia socio-emocional y amistad: el comportamiento prosocial y la falta de autorregulación del comportamiento como predictores de cantidad y calidad de las amistades en la infancia media
Competencia socio-emocional y amistad: el comportamiento prosocial y la falta de autorregulación del comportamiento como predictores de cantidad y calidad de las amistades en la infancia media
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Resumo
El objetivo general de este estudio es investigar, mediante un diseño longitudinal de dos años, los efectos en el tiempo de determinados componentes de la competencia social y emocional de los niños (por ejemplo, el comportamiento prosocial y la falta de autorregulación del comportamiento) y las características de la amistad en términos de cualidades positivas y negativas, y del tamaño de la red de amigos. En el estudio participaron 177 niños (6-9 años, M=7.10, SD=0.38; 48% mujeres) que, a T1, asisten a segundo curso de dos escuelas primarias en el Noroeste de Italia. Los modelos de ecuaciones estructurales indicaron que el comportamiento prosocial se asocia positivamente, tanto con la calidad positiva de la amistad, como con el tamaño de la red de amistad: los niños que obtuvieron una puntuación superior en conducta prosocial, también obtuvieron mayores puntuaciones en calidad positiva de la amistad y en el número de amigos, con respecto a los otros. Por otra parte, la falta de autorregulación del comportamiento se asoció positivamente con la calidad negativa de la amistad, lo que significa que los niños con mayor puntuación en falta de autorregulación también fueron superiores en la calidad negativa de las amistades, como el conflicto. Estas asociaciones no variaron por géneros.
Referências
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Bentler, P.M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238-246.
Bentler, P.M. & Bonett, D.G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588-606.
Berndt, T.J. (2002). Friendship Quality and Social Development. Current Direction in Psychological Science, 11, 7-10.
Berndt, T.J. (1981). Effect of Friendship on prosocial intention and behaviour. Child Development, 52(2), 636-643.
Berndt, T.J. (2004). Children?s friendships: Shifts over a Half-Century in perspectives on their development and their effects. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 50, 206-223.
Berndt, T.J., Hawkins, J.A. & Hoyle, S.G.(1986). Changes in Friendship during a School Year: Effects on Children's and Adolescents' Impressions of Friendship and sharing with friends. Child Development, 57(5), 1284-1297.
Berti, A.E. & Bombi, A.S. (2005). La media fanciullezza [Middle childhood]. In A.E. Berti & A.S. Bombi (a cura di). Corso di Psicologia dello Sviluppo. Dalla nascita all’adolescenza [Course of Developmental Psychology. From birth to adolescence] (pp. 231-322). Bologna, IT: Il Mulino.
Biederman, J. (1998). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a life-span perspective. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59(7), 4-16.
Browne, M.W. & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K.A. Bollen & J.S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136-162). London: Sage.
Buhrmester, D. & Furman, W. (1987). The development of companionship and intimacy, Child Development, 58, 1101-1113.
Bukowski, W.M., Hoza, B. & Boivin, M. (1993). Popularity, friendship and emotional adjustment during early adolescence. In B. Laursen (Ed.), Close friendships in adolescence (pp 2337). San Francisco CA: Jossey-Bass Inc.
Bukowski, W.M., Hoza, B. & Boivin, M. (1994). Measuring friendship quality during pre- and early adolescence: the development and psychometric properties of the Friendship Quality Scale. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 11, 471-484.
Bukowski, W.M., Newcomb, A.F. & Hartup, W.W.(1996). The Company They Keep: Friendships in Childhood and Adolescence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Burk, W.J. & Laursen, B. (2005). Adolescent perceptions of friendship and their association with individual adjustment. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 29,156-164.
Caprara, G.V. & Pastorelli, C. (1993). Early emotional instability, prosocial behavior, and aggression. Some methodological aspects. European Journal of Personality, 7, 19-36.
Ciairano, S., Rabaglietti, E., Roggero, A., Bonino S. & Beyers, W. (2007) Pattern of adolescent friendships, psychological adjustment and antisocial behavior: the moderating role of family stress and friendship reciprocity. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 31(5), 419-428.
Cillessen, A., Jiang, X.L., West, T. & Laszkowski, D.K. (2005). Predictors of dyadic friendship quality in adolescence. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 29(2), 165172.
Clark, K.E. & Ladd, G.W. (2000). Connectedness and autonomy support in parent-child relationships: Links to children's socioemotional orientation and peer relationships. Developmental Psychology, 36, 485-498.
Clark, M.L. & Drewry, D.L (1985). Similarity and reciprocity in the friendships of elementary school children. Child Study Journal, 15(4), 251-264.
Cook, W.L. & Kenny, D.A. (2005). The actor-partner interdependence model: A model of bidirectional effects in developmental studies. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 29, 101-109.
Denham, S.A., Mckinley, M., Couchoud, E.A. & Holt, R. (1990). Emotional and Behavioral Predictors of Preschool Peer Ratings. Child Development, 61, 1145- 1152.
Dunn, J. (2004). Children's Friendships: the beginnings of Intimacy. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
Fonzi, A. & Tani, F. (1996). Dall?infanzia alla preadolescenza: continuità e discontinuità nello sviluppo dei legami di amicizia [From infancy to early adolescence: continuity and discontinuity in the development of friendship bonds]. Età Evolutiva, 54, 89-94.
Güro?lu, B., van Lieshout, C.F.M., Haselager, G.J.T. & Scholte, R.H. (2007). Similarity and complementarity of behavioral profiles of friendship types and types of friends: Friendships and psychosocial adjustment.
Journal of Research on Adolescence, 17(2), 357-386.
Hartup, W.W. (1993). Adolescents and their friends. In B. Laursen (Ed), Close Friendships in Adolescence (pp. 3-22). San Francisco CA: Jossey-Bass Inc.
Hartup, W.W. (1996). The company they keep: Friendships and their developmental significance. Child Development, 67, 1-13.
Hartup, W.W. & Stevens, N. (1997). Friendship and adaptation in the life course. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 355-370.
Haselager, G.J.T., Hartup, W.W, van Lieshout, C.F.M. & Riksen-Walraven, M.J.A. (1998). Similarities between Friends and Nonfriends in Middle Childhood. Child Development, 69(4), 1198-1208.
Howes, C. (1996). The Earliest Friendships. In W.M. Bukowski, A.F. Newcomb & W.W. Hartup (Eds.), The Company They Keep: Friendship in Childhood and Adolescence (pp. 66-86). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hu, L. & Bentler, P.M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychological Bulletin, 3, 424-453.
ISTAT [National Institute of Statistics] (2007). Annuario statistico italiano 2007 [Italian Statistical Yearbook 2007]. Rome: ISTAT.
Kandel, D.B. (1978). Similarity in real life adolescent friendship pairs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 306-312.
Kashy, D.A. & Kenny, D.A. (1999). The analysis of data from dyads and groups. In H.T. Reis &
C.M. Judd (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology (pp. 451-477). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
La Fontana, K.M. & Cillessen, A.H.N. (2002). Children?s Perception of Popular and Unpopular Peers: A Multimethod Assessment, Developmental Psychology, 38(5), 635-647.
Lazarsfeld, P. & Merton, R.K. (1954). Friendship as a Social Process: A Substantive and Methodological Analysis. In M. Berger, T. Abel & C.H. Page (Eds.), Freedom and Control in Modern Society (pp. 18-66). New York: Van Nostrand.
Lewis, M. & Haviland, J.M. (1993). Handbook of Emotions. New York: Guilford Press.
Livesley, W. & Bromley, D.B. (1973). Person Perception in Childhood and Adolescence. New York: Wiley.
Little, R.J.A. & Rubin, D.B. (2002). Statistical analysis with missing data (2th ed.). New York: John Wiley.
Martin, C.L. & Fabes, R.A. (2001). The stability and consequences of young children?s same-sex peer interactions. Developmental Psychology, 37(3), 431-446.
McGuire, K.D. & Weisz, J.R. (1982). Social Cognition and Behavior Correlates of Preadolescent Chumship. Child Development, 53(6) 1478-1484.
McNamara, B.C. & Wentzel, K.R. (2006). Friend influence on prosocial behavior: The role of motivational factors and friendship characteristics. Developmental Psychology, 42(1), 153-163.
Muthén, L.K. & Muthén, B.O. (2006). Mplus users guide. Los Angeles, CA: Muthén and Muthén.
Newcomb, A.F. & Bagwell, C.L. (1995). Children „s friendship relations: a meta-analyitic review, Psychological Bulletin, 117, 306-347.
Popp, D., Laursen, B., Kerr, M., Stattin, H. & Burk W.J. (2008). Modeling homophily over time with an Actor-Partner Interdependence Model. Developmental Psychology, 44, 10281039.
Rose, A.J. & Smith, R.L. (2009). Sex difference in peer relationships. In Rubin K.H., Bukowski
W.M. & Laursen B. (Eds.), Handbook of peer interactions, relationships and group (pp. 379-383). New York- London: The Guilford Press.
Rose-Krasnor, L. & Denham, S (2009). Social-emotional competence in early childhood. In Rubin K.H., Bukowski W.M. & Laursen B. (Eds.), Handbook of peer interactions, relationships and grou (pp. 162-179). New York- London: The Guilford Press.
Rothbart, M.K. & Bates, J.E. (2006). Temperament. In N. Eisemberg, W. Damon & R.M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of Child Psychology: Social, Emotional, and Personality Development (Vol. 3, pp. 99-166). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Rubin K., Bukowski W. & Parker, J. (2006). Peers interaction, relationships, and groups. In N. Eisemberg, W. Damon & R.M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of Child Psychology: Social, Emotional, and Personality Development (Vol. 3, pp. 571-645). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Schafer, J.L. & Graham, J.W. (2002). Missing data: Our view of the state of the art. Psychological Methods, 7, 147-177.
Shieldsa, A.N., Cicchettia, D. & Ryan, R.M. (1994). The development of emotional and beha
vioral self-regulation and social competence among maltreated school-age children.
Development and Psychopathology, 6, 57-75.
Smorti, A. (2001). Lo sviluppo sociale [Social development]. In A. Fonzi (a cura di), Manu
ale di Psicologia dello Sviluppo [Handbook of Developmental Psychology] (pp. 230-302). Firenze, IT: Giunti.
Tucker, L.R. & Lewis, C. (1973). The reliability coefficients for maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrica, 3, 1-10.
Yeates, K.O., Bigler, E.D., Dennis, M., Gherardt, C.A., Rubin, K.H., Stancin, T., Taylor, H.G. & Vannatta, K. (2007). Social outcomes in childhood brain disorder: A heuristic integration of social neuroscience and developmental psychology. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 535-556.
Youniss, J. (1980). Parents and peers in social development: A Sullivan-Piaget perspective. Chicago IL: University of Chicago Press.
Baumgartner, E. (2008). Having Friends in Infancy and in Adolescence: Characteristics, functions, Risk and Protection Factors. Rassegna di Psicologia, 2(24), 11-30.
Bentler, P.M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238-246.
Bentler, P.M. & Bonett, D.G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588-606.
Berndt, T.J. (2002). Friendship Quality and Social Development. Current Direction in Psychological Science, 11, 7-10.
Berndt, T.J. (1981). Effect of Friendship on prosocial intention and behaviour. Child Development, 52(2), 636-643.
Berndt, T.J. (2004). Children?s friendships: Shifts over a Half-Century in perspectives on their development and their effects. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 50, 206-223.
Berndt, T.J., Hawkins, J.A. & Hoyle, S.G.(1986). Changes in Friendship during a School Year: Effects on Children's and Adolescents' Impressions of Friendship and sharing with friends. Child Development, 57(5), 1284-1297.
Berti, A.E. & Bombi, A.S. (2005). La media fanciullezza [Middle childhood]. In A.E. Berti & A.S. Bombi (a cura di). Corso di Psicologia dello Sviluppo. Dalla nascita all’adolescenza [Course of Developmental Psychology. From birth to adolescence] (pp. 231-322). Bologna, IT: Il Mulino.
Biederman, J. (1998). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a life-span perspective. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59(7), 4-16.
Browne, M.W. & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K.A. Bollen & J.S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136-162). London: Sage.
Buhrmester, D. & Furman, W. (1987). The development of companionship and intimacy, Child Development, 58, 1101-1113.
Bukowski, W.M., Hoza, B. & Boivin, M. (1993). Popularity, friendship and emotional adjustment during early adolescence. In B. Laursen (Ed.), Close friendships in adolescence (pp 2337). San Francisco CA: Jossey-Bass Inc.
Bukowski, W.M., Hoza, B. & Boivin, M. (1994). Measuring friendship quality during pre- and early adolescence: the development and psychometric properties of the Friendship Quality Scale. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 11, 471-484.
Bukowski, W.M., Newcomb, A.F. & Hartup, W.W.(1996). The Company They Keep: Friendships in Childhood and Adolescence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Burk, W.J. & Laursen, B. (2005). Adolescent perceptions of friendship and their association with individual adjustment. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 29,156-164.
Caprara, G.V. & Pastorelli, C. (1993). Early emotional instability, prosocial behavior, and aggression. Some methodological aspects. European Journal of Personality, 7, 19-36.
Ciairano, S., Rabaglietti, E., Roggero, A., Bonino S. & Beyers, W. (2007) Pattern of adolescent friendships, psychological adjustment and antisocial behavior: the moderating role of family stress and friendship reciprocity. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 31(5), 419-428.
Cillessen, A., Jiang, X.L., West, T. & Laszkowski, D.K. (2005). Predictors of dyadic friendship quality in adolescence. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 29(2), 165172.
Clark, K.E. & Ladd, G.W. (2000). Connectedness and autonomy support in parent-child relationships: Links to children's socioemotional orientation and peer relationships. Developmental Psychology, 36, 485-498.
Clark, M.L. & Drewry, D.L (1985). Similarity and reciprocity in the friendships of elementary school children. Child Study Journal, 15(4), 251-264.
Cook, W.L. & Kenny, D.A. (2005). The actor-partner interdependence model: A model of bidirectional effects in developmental studies. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 29, 101-109.
Denham, S.A., Mckinley, M., Couchoud, E.A. & Holt, R. (1990). Emotional and Behavioral Predictors of Preschool Peer Ratings. Child Development, 61, 1145- 1152.
Dunn, J. (2004). Children's Friendships: the beginnings of Intimacy. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
Fonzi, A. & Tani, F. (1996). Dall?infanzia alla preadolescenza: continuità e discontinuità nello sviluppo dei legami di amicizia [From infancy to early adolescence: continuity and discontinuity in the development of friendship bonds]. Età Evolutiva, 54, 89-94.
Güro?lu, B., van Lieshout, C.F.M., Haselager, G.J.T. & Scholte, R.H. (2007). Similarity and complementarity of behavioral profiles of friendship types and types of friends: Friendships and psychosocial adjustment.
Journal of Research on Adolescence, 17(2), 357-386.
Hartup, W.W. (1993). Adolescents and their friends. In B. Laursen (Ed), Close Friendships in Adolescence (pp. 3-22). San Francisco CA: Jossey-Bass Inc.
Hartup, W.W. (1996). The company they keep: Friendships and their developmental significance. Child Development, 67, 1-13.
Hartup, W.W. & Stevens, N. (1997). Friendship and adaptation in the life course. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 355-370.
Haselager, G.J.T., Hartup, W.W, van Lieshout, C.F.M. & Riksen-Walraven, M.J.A. (1998). Similarities between Friends and Nonfriends in Middle Childhood. Child Development, 69(4), 1198-1208.
Howes, C. (1996). The Earliest Friendships. In W.M. Bukowski, A.F. Newcomb & W.W. Hartup (Eds.), The Company They Keep: Friendship in Childhood and Adolescence (pp. 66-86). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hu, L. & Bentler, P.M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychological Bulletin, 3, 424-453.
ISTAT [National Institute of Statistics] (2007). Annuario statistico italiano 2007 [Italian Statistical Yearbook 2007]. Rome: ISTAT.
Kandel, D.B. (1978). Similarity in real life adolescent friendship pairs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 306-312.
Kashy, D.A. & Kenny, D.A. (1999). The analysis of data from dyads and groups. In H.T. Reis &
C.M. Judd (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology (pp. 451-477). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
La Fontana, K.M. & Cillessen, A.H.N. (2002). Children?s Perception of Popular and Unpopular Peers: A Multimethod Assessment, Developmental Psychology, 38(5), 635-647.
Lazarsfeld, P. & Merton, R.K. (1954). Friendship as a Social Process: A Substantive and Methodological Analysis. In M. Berger, T. Abel & C.H. Page (Eds.), Freedom and Control in Modern Society (pp. 18-66). New York: Van Nostrand.
Lewis, M. & Haviland, J.M. (1993). Handbook of Emotions. New York: Guilford Press.
Livesley, W. & Bromley, D.B. (1973). Person Perception in Childhood and Adolescence. New York: Wiley.
Little, R.J.A. & Rubin, D.B. (2002). Statistical analysis with missing data (2th ed.). New York: John Wiley.
Martin, C.L. & Fabes, R.A. (2001). The stability and consequences of young children?s same-sex peer interactions. Developmental Psychology, 37(3), 431-446.
McGuire, K.D. & Weisz, J.R. (1982). Social Cognition and Behavior Correlates of Preadolescent Chumship. Child Development, 53(6) 1478-1484.
McNamara, B.C. & Wentzel, K.R. (2006). Friend influence on prosocial behavior: The role of motivational factors and friendship characteristics. Developmental Psychology, 42(1), 153-163.
Muthén, L.K. & Muthén, B.O. (2006). Mplus users guide. Los Angeles, CA: Muthén and Muthén.
Newcomb, A.F. & Bagwell, C.L. (1995). Children „s friendship relations: a meta-analyitic review, Psychological Bulletin, 117, 306-347.
Popp, D., Laursen, B., Kerr, M., Stattin, H. & Burk W.J. (2008). Modeling homophily over time with an Actor-Partner Interdependence Model. Developmental Psychology, 44, 10281039.
Rose, A.J. & Smith, R.L. (2009). Sex difference in peer relationships. In Rubin K.H., Bukowski
W.M. & Laursen B. (Eds.), Handbook of peer interactions, relationships and group (pp. 379-383). New York- London: The Guilford Press.
Rose-Krasnor, L. & Denham, S (2009). Social-emotional competence in early childhood. In Rubin K.H., Bukowski W.M. & Laursen B. (Eds.), Handbook of peer interactions, relationships and grou (pp. 162-179). New York- London: The Guilford Press.
Rothbart, M.K. & Bates, J.E. (2006). Temperament. In N. Eisemberg, W. Damon & R.M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of Child Psychology: Social, Emotional, and Personality Development (Vol. 3, pp. 99-166). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Rubin K., Bukowski W. & Parker, J. (2006). Peers interaction, relationships, and groups. In N. Eisemberg, W. Damon & R.M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of Child Psychology: Social, Emotional, and Personality Development (Vol. 3, pp. 571-645). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Schafer, J.L. & Graham, J.W. (2002). Missing data: Our view of the state of the art. Psychological Methods, 7, 147-177.
Shieldsa, A.N., Cicchettia, D. & Ryan, R.M. (1994). The development of emotional and beha
vioral self-regulation and social competence among maltreated school-age children.
Development and Psychopathology, 6, 57-75.
Smorti, A. (2001). Lo sviluppo sociale [Social development]. In A. Fonzi (a cura di), Manu
ale di Psicologia dello Sviluppo [Handbook of Developmental Psychology] (pp. 230-302). Firenze, IT: Giunti.
Tucker, L.R. & Lewis, C. (1973). The reliability coefficients for maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrica, 3, 1-10.
Yeates, K.O., Bigler, E.D., Dennis, M., Gherardt, C.A., Rubin, K.H., Stancin, T., Taylor, H.G. & Vannatta, K. (2007). Social outcomes in childhood brain disorder: A heuristic integration of social neuroscience and developmental psychology. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 535-556.
Youniss, J. (1980). Parents and peers in social development: A Sullivan-Piaget perspective. Chicago IL: University of Chicago Press.