Global overview of monkeypox: An epidemiological and clinical update
Article Sidebar
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
The publication is free and its contents are distributed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). The rights of the works published in this journal are property of the author and they are free to distribute and disseminate the same sources as long as he correctly cites the font of publication, these acts are not for commercial purposes and no derivative works are generated.
Main Article Content
Abstract
Mpox (viruela símica) es una enfermedad viral que puede producir síntomas como erupción cutánea, adenomegalias y fiebre. Pese a su baja tasa de mortalidad, se relaciona con complicaciones que pueden comprometer la calidad de vida de las personas. Fue identificada por primera vez en humanos en 1970, desde entonces se mantenía una distribución geográfica y una incidencia controladas. No obstante, desde el año 2022 su incidencia ha aumentado al igual que su distribución geográfica alcanzando un total de 89.596 casos confirmados por laboratorio y 663 casos probables, incluidas 157 muertes, reportados al 28 de agosto de 2023; llegando incluso a países no endémicos. A continuación, se presenta una revisión narrativa con base en información recolectada en bases de datos como UpToDate, Google Scholar, Medline, ClinicalKey, Scopus, Embase, Pubmed; con el objetivo de describir los aspectos más relevantes de Mpox en humanos desde una perspectiva epidemiológica actual, además de presentar datos fisiopatológicos, de diagnóstico, tratamiento, pronóstico y rehabilitación.
References
Bengali, Z., Satheshkumar, P. S., & Moss, B. (2012). Orthopoxvirus species and strain differences in cell entry. Virology, 433(2), 506–512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2012.08.044
Benites-Zapata, V. A., Ulloque-Badaracco, J. R., Alarcon-Braga, E. A., Hernandez-Bustamante, E. A., Mosquera-Rojas, M. D., Bonilla-Aldana, D. K., & Rodriguez-Morales, A. J. (2022). Clinical features, hospitalisation and deaths associated with monkeypox: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials, 21(1), 36. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12941-022-00527-1
Breman, J. G. (2014). Monkeypox: an Emerging Infection for Humans? In Emerging Infections 4 (pp. 45–67). ASM Press. https://doi.org/10.1128/9781555816971.ch5
Brett W. Petersen y Inger K. Damon. (2021). Ortopoxvirus: vaccinia (vacuna antivariólica), viruela, viruela del mono y viruela bovina. In Elsevier (Ed.), Mandell, Douglas, Bennett. Enfermedades infecciosas. Principios y práctica (Novena edición, Vol. 132, pp. 1809–1817). https://www-clinicalkey-es.sibulgem.unilibre.edu.co/#!/content/book/3-s2.0-B9788491134992001326?scrollTo=%23hl0000610
Bunge, E. M., Hoet, B., Chen, L., Lienert, F., Weidenthaler, H., Baer, L. R., & Steffen, R. (2022). The changing epidemiology of human monkeypox—A potential threat? A systematic review. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 16(2), e0010141. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010141
CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, N. C. for E. and Z. I. D. (NCEZID), D. of H.-C. P. and P. (DHCPP). (2022, July 8). Smallpox Vaccines. Vaccines. https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/clinicians/vaccines.html
Chang, C. T., Thum, C. C., Lim, X. J., Chew, C. C., & Rajan, P. (2022). Monkeypox outbreak: Preventing another episode of stigmatisation. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 27(9), 754–757. https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.13798
Cheema, A. Y., Ogedegbe, O. J., Munir, M., Alugba, G., & Ojo, T. K. (2022). Monkeypox: A Review of Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.26756
Cho, C. T., & Wenner, H. A. (1973). Monkeypox virus. Bacteriological Reviews, 37(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.37.1.1-18.1973
CLINICAL MANAGEMENT AND INFECTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL FOR MONKEYPOX. (n.d.). Retrieved December 2, 2022, from https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-MPX-Clinical-and-IPC-2022.1
COONEY, E. (1991). Safety of and immunological response to a recombinant vaccinia virus vaccine expressing HIV envelope glycoprotein. The Lancet, 337(8741), 567–572. https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(91)91636-9
Damon, I. K. (2011). Status of human monkeypox: clinical disease, epidemiology and research. Vaccine, 29, D54–D59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.04.014
Di Giulio, D. B., & Eckburg, P. B. (2004). Human monkeypox: an emerging zoonosis. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 4(1), 15–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00856-9
Elde, N. C., Child, S. J., Eickbush, M. T., Kitzman, J. O., Rogers, K. S., Shendure, J., Geballe, A. P., & Malik, H. S. (2012). Poxviruses Deploy Genomic Accordions to Adapt Rapidly against Host Antiviral Defenses. Cell, 150(4), 831–841. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2012.05.049
Federal Ministry of Health - Nigeria Centre for Disease Control. (2019). MONKEYPOX PUBLIC HEALTH RESPONSE GUIDELINES. https://ncdc.gov.ng/themes/common/docs/protocols/96_1577798337.pdf
Firth, C., Kitchen, A., Shapiro, B., Suchard, M. A., Holmes, E. C., & Rambaut, A. (2010). Using Time-Structured Data to Estimate Evolutionary Rates of Double-Stranded DNA Viruses. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 27(9), 2038–2051. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msq088
Fonseca, Y. S., Alves, C. O., Laguna, G. G. de C., Tavares, B. R. M., Souza, L. G., Borges, G. F., & Guimarães, L. H. S. (2023). Mpox: Epidemiological, immunopathogenic aspects and pre- and post-infection management. REVISTA CIÊNCIAS EM SAÚDE, 13(2), 3–10. https://doi.org/10.21876/rcshci.v13i2.1374
Gessain, A., Nakoune, E., & Yazdanpanah, Y. (2022). Monkeypox. New England Journal of Medicine, 387(19), 1783–1793. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra2208860
Government Department of Health, A., & Care, A. (n.d.). Infection Prevention and Control Expert Group Interim guidance on monkeypox for health workers. Retrieved December 2, 2022, from https://www.health.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/2022/09/monkeypox-virus-infection-cdna-national-guidelines-for-public-health-units-monkeypox-virus-infection-cdna-interim-national-guidelines-for-public-health-units-v2-0.pdf
Goyal, L., Ajmera, K., Pandit, R., & Pandit, T. (2022). Prevention and Treatment of Monkeypox: A Step-by-Step Guide for Healthcare Professionals and General Population. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.28230
Harris, E. (2022). What to Know About Monkeypox. JAMA, 327(23), 2278. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.9499
Huang, Y., Mu, L., & Wang, W. (2022). Monkeypox: epidemiology, pathogenesis, treatment and prevention. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, 7(1), 373. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-022-01215-4
Hunter, J. P., Saratzis, A., Sutton, A. J., Boucher, R. H., Sayers, R. D., & Bown, M. J. (2014). In meta-analyses of proportion studies, funnel plots were found to be an inaccurate method of assessing publication bias. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 67(8), 897–903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2014.03.003
Islam, Md. M., Dutta, P., Rashid, R., Jaffery, S. S., Islam, A., Farag, E., Zughaier, S. M., Bansal, D., & Hassan, M. M. (2023). Pathogenicity and virulence of monkeypox at the human-animal-ecology interface. Virulence, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/21505594.2023.2186357
Johri, N., Kumar, D., Nagar, P., Maurya, A., Vengat, M., & Jain, P. (2022). Clinical manifestations of human monkeypox infection and implications for outbreak strategy. Health Sciences Review, 5, 100055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hsr.2022.100055
Kaler, J., Hussain, A., Flores, G., Kheiri, S., & Desrosiers, D. (2022). Monkeypox: A Comprehensive Review of Transmission, Pathogenesis, and Manifestation. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.26531
Lansiaux, E., Jain, N., Laivacuma, S., & Reinis, A. (2022). The virology of human monkeypox virus (hMPXV): A brief overview. Virus Research, 322, 198932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198932
Magnus, P. von, Andersen, E. K., Petersen, K. B., & Birch-Andersen, A. (2009). A POX-LIKE DISEASE IN CYNOMOLGUS MONKEYS. Acta Pathologica Microbiologica Scandinavica, 46(2), 156–176. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1699-0463.1959.tb00328.x
McCarthy, M. W. (2022). Therapeutic strategies to address monkeypox. Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy, 20(10), 1249–1252. https://doi.org/10.1080/14787210.2022.2113058
McCollum, A. M., & Damon, I. K. (2014). Human Monkeypox. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 58(2), 260–267. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cit703
Mccollum, A. M., Shelus, V., Hill, A., Traore, T., Onoja, ; Bernard, Nakazawa, Y., Doty, J. B., Yinka-Ogunleye, A., Brett, ;, Petersen, W., Hutson, C. L., & Lewis, R. (2018). Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Epidemiology of Human Mpox-Worldwide, 2018-2021. https://openwho.org/courses/monkeypox-introduction
McFadden, G. (2005). Poxvirus tropism. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 3(3), 201–213. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro1099
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare GOVERNMENT OF INDIA. (2022). GUIDELINES FOR MANAGEMENT OF MONKEYPOX DISEASE Ministry of Health and Family Welfare GOVERNMENT OF INDIA 2. https:// main.mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/Guidelines%20for%20
Mitjà, O., Ogoina, D., Titanji, B. K., Galvan, C., Muyembe, J.-J., Marks, M., & Orkin, C. M. (2023). Monkeypox. The Lancet, 401(10370), 60–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(22)02075-X
Morand, A., Delaigue, S., & Morand, JJ. (2017). Review of poxvirus: emergence of monkeypox. Médecine et Santé Tropicales, 27(1), 29–39. https://doi.org/10.1684/mst.2017.0653
Moss, B. (2016). Membrane fusion during poxvirus entry. Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology, 60, 89–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.07.015
Nakoune, E., & Olliaro, P. (2022). Waking up to monkeypox. BMJ, o1321. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.o1321
Nolen, L. D., Osadebe, L., Katomba, J., Likofata, J., Mukadi, D., Monroe, B., Doty, J., Hughes, C. M., Kabamba, J., Malekani, J., Bomponda, P. L., Lokota, J. I., Balilo, M. P., Likafi, T., Lushima, R. S., Ilunga, B. K., Nkawa, F., Pukuta, E., Karhemere, S., … Reynolds, M. G. (2016). Extended Human-to-Human Transmission during a Monkeypox Outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 22(6), 1014–1021. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2206.150579
Okyay, ramazan azim. (2022). Another Epidemic in the Shadow of Covid 19 Pandemic: A Review of Monkeypox. Eurasian Journal of Medicine and Oncology. https://doi.org/10.14744/ejmo.2022.2022
Patel, A. R., Romanelli, P., Roberts, B., & Kirsner, R. S. (2009). Herpes simplex virus: a histopathologic study of the depth of herpetic wounds. International Journal of Dermatology, 48(1), 36–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.03788.x
Petersen, E., Kantele, A., Koopmans, M., Asogun, D., Yinka-Ogunleye, A., Ihekweazu, C., & Zumla, A. (2019). Human Monkeypox: Epidemiologic and Clinical Characteristics, Diagnosis, and Prevention. In Infectious Disease Clinics of North America (Vol. 33, Issue 4, pp. 1027–1043). W.B. Saunders. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2019.03.001
Principles for monkeypox control in the UK: 4 nations consensus. (2022). https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/principles-for-monkeypox-control-in-the-uk-4-nations-consensus-statement
Rabiul Islam, Md., Hasan, M., Rahman, M. S., & Rahman, Md. A. (2022). Monkeypox outbreak – No panic and stigma; Only awareness and preventive measures can halt the pandemic turn of this epidemic infection. The International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 37(5), 3008–3011. https://doi.org/10.1002/hpm.3539
Rao, A. K., Petersen, B. W., Whitehill, F., Razeq, J. H., Isaacs, S. N., Merchlinsky, M. J., Campos-Outcalt, D., Morgan, R. L., Damon, I., Sánchez, P. J., & Bell, B. P. (2022). Use of JYNNEOS (Smallpox and Monkeypox Vaccine, Live, Nonreplicating) for Preexposure Vaccination of Persons at Risk for Occupational Exposure to Orthopoxviruses: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices — United States, 2022. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 71(22), 734–742. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7122e1
Reynolds, M., McCollum, A., Nguete, B., Shongo Lushima, R., & Petersen, B. (2017). Improving the Care and Treatment of Monkeypox Patients in Low-Resource Settings: Applying Evidence from Contemporary Biomedical and Smallpox Biodefense Research. Viruses, 9(12), 380. https://doi.org/10.3390/v9120380
Rimoin, A. W., Kisalu, N., Kebela-Ilunga, B., Mukaba, T., Wright, L. L., Formenty, P., Wolfe, N. D., Shongo, R. L., Tshioko, F., Okitolonda, E., Muyembe, J.-J., Ryder, R. W., & Meyer, H. (2007). Endemic Human Monkeypox, Democratic Republic of Congo, 2001–2004. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(6), 934–937. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1306.061540
Rizk, J. G., Lippi, G., Henry, B. M., Forthal, D. N., & Rizk, Y. (2022). Prevention and Treatment of Monkeypox. Drugs, 82(9), 957–963. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-022-01742-y
Rubiano, G. P. F. M. C. Mm. J. M. C. A. Y. (n.d.). Protocolo de Vigilancia de Viruela Símica (Monkeypox).
Russo, A. T., Grosenbach, D. W., Chinsangaram, J., Honeychurch, K. M., Long, P. G., Lovejoy, C., Maiti, B., Meara, I., & Hruby, D. E. (2021). An overview of tecovirimat for smallpox treatment and expanded anti-orthopoxvirus applications. Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy, 19(3), 331–344. https://doi.org/10.1080/14787210.2020.1819791
Singhal, T., Kabra, S. K., & Lodha, R. (2022). Monkeypox: A Review. Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 89(10), 955–960. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-022-04348-0
Smee, D. F. (2008). Progress in the Discovery of Compounds Inhibiting Orthopoxviruses in Animal Models. Antiviral Chemistry and Chemotherapy, 19(3), 115–124. https://doi.org/10.1177/095632020801900302
Titanji, B. K., Tegomoh, B., Nematollahi, S., Konomos, M., & Kulkarni, P. A. (2022). Monkeypox: A Contemporary Review for Healthcare Professionals. Open Forum Infectious Diseases, 9(7). https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofac310
Velavan, T. P., & Meyer, C. G. (2022). Monkeypox 2022 outbreak: An update. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 27(7), 604–605. https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.13785
Wold, W. S., & Toth, K. (2015). New drug on the horizon for treating adenovirus. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 16(14), 2095–2099. https://doi.org/10.1517/14656566.2015.1083975
World Health Organization. (n.d.). Epidemiology of human monkeypox (mpox) – worldwide, 2018–2021. https://openwho.org/courses/monkeypox-intermediate.
World Health Organization. (2022, December 2). World Health Organization. 2022 Monkeypox Outbreak: Global Trends. https://www.who.int/emergencies/situations/monkeypox-oubreak-2022