Confirmatory analysis of the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ) short form in a portuguese sample
Confirmatory analysis of the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ) short form in a portuguese sample
Main Article Content
Abstract
An important research field in family studies relates to the role parenting practices can have on several domains of children’s development. Regarding to parenting styles, it was Baumrind’s conceptualization that was responsible for a relevant research boost in this area. She proposed a model contemplating three different styles: authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive. The aim of our study was to examine the factor structure, internal consistency and others psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ). The participants were 424 parents (mainly mothers, 81.2%) from Algarve (South of Portugal), that answered to PSDQ and a sociodemographic questionnaire. The instrument comprises 32 items: 12 questions regarding the authoritative style, 15 questions regarding the authoritarian style, and 5 questions regarding the permissive style. Several competing models (i.e., one and three-factorial, and another where latent variables were organized in a 1st and 2nd order factors) were tested in regards to PSDQ factor structure using confirmatory factor analysis. A fourth model, contemplating inter-correlations between item 7 and 8 was also proposed, which showed adequate fit and internal consistency. These findings support the PSDQ original structure. Implications concerning the use and contributes to social and emotional child’ adjustment are discussed.
References
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Development, 37(4), 887-907. doi:10.2307/1126611
Baumrind, D. (1968). Authoritarian vs. authoritative parental control. Adolescence, 3, 255-272.
Bentler, P., & Wu, E. (2015). Supplement to EQS6.3 for Windows user’s guide. Temple City, CA:
Multivariate Software, Inc.
Byrne, B. (2006). Structural equation modeling with EQS: Basic concepts, applications, and
programming. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Darling, N., & Steinberg, L. (1993). Parenting style as context: An integrative model.
Psychological Bulletin, 113(3), 487-496. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.113.3.487
de la Torre Cruz, M., Casanova, P.F., Carpio, M.V., & Cerezo, M.T. (2013). Consistencia e
inconsistencia parental: relaciones con la conducta agresiva y satisfacción vital de los
adolescentes. European Journal of Education and Psychology, 6(2), 135-149.
doi:10.1989/ejep.v6i2.112
Fernández-Zabala, A., Goñi, E., Camino, I., & Zulaika, L.M. (2016). Family and school context in
school engagement. European Journal of Education and Psychology, 9(2), 47-55. doi:
10.1016/j.ejeps.2015.09.001
Fu, Y., Hou, X., Meng, H., Qiu, T., Qin, Q., & Li, T. (2013). 1368–Study on validity and
reliability of the chinese version of parenting styles and dimensions questionnaire (PSDQ).
European Psychiatry, 28(S1), 1. doi: 10.1016/S0924-9338(13)76413-7
Garaigordobil, M., & Aliri, J. (2012). Parental socialization styles, parents’ educational level, and
sexist attitudes in adolescence. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 15, 592-603.
doi:10.5209/rev_SJOP.2012.v15.n2.38870
García, F., Fernández-Doménech, L., Veiga, F.H., Bono, R., Serra, E. & Musitu, G. (2015).
Parenting Styles and Parenting Practices: Analyzing current relationships in the Spanish
Context. In F. García, Parenting: Cultural influences and impact on childhood health and
well-being (pp. 17-31). Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
Hart, C.H., Nelson, D.A., Robinson, C.C., Olson, S.F., & McNeilly-Choque, M.K. (1998). Overt
and relational aggression in Russian nursery-school-aged children: Parenting style and
marital linkages. Developmental Psychology, 34, 687-687.
Hoff, E., Laursen, B. & Tardif, T. (2002). Socioeconomic status and parenting. In M. H. Bornstein
(Ed.), Handbook of parenting: Vol. 2. Biology and ecology of parenting, (2a. ed., pp. 231-
252). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Jiménez, M.D.L.V.M., & Bernal, A.O. (2013). Percepción del clima social familiar y actitudes
ante el acoso escolar en adolescentes. European Journal of Investigation in Health,
Psychology and Education, 3(2), 149-160. doi: 10.1989/ejihpe.v3i2.32
Kern, R.M., & Jonyniene, J. (2012). Psychometric properties of the Lithuanian version of the
Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ): Pilot study. The Family Journal,
20(2), 205-214. doi:10.1177/1066480712439845
Lamborn, S.D., Mounts, N.S., Steinberg, L., & Dornbusch, S.M. (1991). Patterns of competence
and adjustment among adolescents from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and
neglectful families. Child Development, 62(5), 1049-1065. doi:10.2307/1131151
Locke, L.M., & Prinz, R.J. (2002). Measurement of parental discipline and nurturance. Clinical
Psychology Review, 22, 895-930. doi:10.1016/S0272-7358(02)00133-2
Maccoby, E.E., & Martin, J.A. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child
interaction. In P.H. Mussen & E.M. Hetherington (Eds.), Handbook of Child Psychology,
V.4. Socialization, personality and social development (pp. 1-102). New York: Wiley
Publishers.
Marôco, J. (2014). Análise de Equações Estruturais. [Structural Equations’ Analysis]. Pêro
Pinheiro: Report Number.
Martinón, J.M., Fariñas, F., Corras, T., Seijo, D., Souto, A. & Novo, M. (2017). Impacto de la
ruptura de los progenitores en el estado de salud física de los hijos. European Journal of
Education and Psychology, 10(1), 9-14. doi: 10.1016/j.ejeps.2016.10.002
Martínez-Loredo, V., Fernández-Artamendi, S., Weidberg, S., Pericot, I., López-Núñez, C.,
Fernández-Hermida, J., & Secades, R. (2016). Parenting styles and alcohol use among
adolescents: A longitudinal study. European Journal of Investigation in Health,
Psychology and Education, 6(1), 27-36. doi: 10.1989/ejihpe.v6i1.146
Miguel, I., Valentim, J.P., & Carugati, F. (2009). Questionário de estilos e Dimensões Parentais –
Versaão reduzida: Adaptação portuguesa do Parenting Styles and Dimensions
Questionnaire – Short Form. [Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire –
Portuguese Adaptation of Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire – Short Form].
Psychologica, 51, 169-188.
Morowatisharifabad, M.A., Khankolabi, M., Gerami, M.H., Fallahzade, H., Mozaffari-Khosravi,
H., & Seadatee-Shamir, A. (2016). Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of
Parenting Style and Dimensions Questionnaire: Application for Childrens Health-related
Behaviors. International Journal of Pediatrics, 4(9), 3373-3380. doi:
10.22038/ijp.2016.7318
Nunes, C., Bodden, D.H.M., Lemos, I., Lorence, B. & Jiménez, L. (2014). Parenting practices and
quality of life in Dutch and Portuguese adolescents: A cross-cultural study. Journal of
Psychodidactics, 19(2), 327-346. doi:10.1387/RevPsicodidact.10493
Nunnally, J., & Bernstein, I. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Olivari, M.G., Tagliabue, S., & Confalonieri, E. (2013). Parenting Style and Dimensions
Questionnaire: A review of Reliability and Validity. Marriage & Family Review, 49, 465-
490. doi:10.1080/01494929.2013.770812
Önder, A., & Gülay, H. (2009). Reliability and validity of parenting styles & dimensions
questionnaire. Procedia–Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1, 508-514.
doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2009.01.092
Padilla-Walker, L.M., & Coyne, S.M. (2011). “Turn that thing off!” parent and adolescent
predictors of proactive media monitoring. Journal of Adolescence, 34, 705-715. doi:
10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.09.002
Pedro, M.F., Carapito, E., & Ribeiro, T. (2015). Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire–
Versão portuguesa de autorrelato [Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire–The
Portuguese Self-Report Version]. Psicologia, Reflexão e Crítica, 28(2), 302-312.
doi:10.1590/1678-7153.201528210
Porter, C.L., Hart, C.H., Yang, C., Robinson, C.C., Olsen, S.F., Zeng, Q., Olsen, J.A., & Jin, S.
(2005). A comparative study of child temperament and parenting in Beijing, China and the
western United States. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 29, 541-551.
doi:10.1080/0165025050014702
Robinson, C.C., Mandleco, B., Olsen, S.F., & Hart, C. (1995). Authoritative, authoritarian, and
permissive parenting practices: Development of a new measure. Psychological Reports,
77, 819-830. doi:10.2466/pr0.1995.77.3.819
Robinson, C.C., Mandleco, B., Olsen, S.F., & Hart, C. (2001). The parenting styles and
dimensions questionnaire (PSDQ). In B. F. Perlmutter, J. Touliatos, & G.W. Holden
(Eds.), Handbook of Family Measuremnt Techniques: Vol. 3. Instruments & Index (pp.
319-321). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Rodríguez-Fernández, A., Ramos-Díaz, E., Madariaga, J.M., Arrivillaga, A., & Galende, N.
(2016). Steps in the construction and verification of an explanatory model of psychosocial
adjustment. European Journal of Education and Psychology, 9(1), 20-28. doi:
10.1016/j.ejeps.2015.11.002
Santos, S., & Cruz, O. (2008). Questionário de Estilos Educativos. [Parenting Styles
Questionnaire]. In A.P. Noronha, C. Machado., L. Almeida, M. Gonçalves, S. Martins, &
V. Ramalho (Coord.), Avaliação Psicológica: Formas e Contextos – Actas. Braga:
Psiquílibrios.
Sheehan, M.J., & Watson, M.W. (2008). Reciprocal influences between maternal discipline
techniques and aggression in children and adolescents. Aggressive Behavior, 34(3), 245-
255. doi:10.1002/ab.20241
Tagliabue, S., Olivari, M.G., Bacchini, D., Affuso, G., & Confalonieri, E. (2014). Measuring
adolescents’ perceptions of parenting style during childhood: Psychometric properties of
the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 30(3),
251-258. doi:10.1590/S0102-37722014000300002
West, S., Taylor, A., & Wu, W. (2012). Model fit and model selection in structural equation
modeling. In R. Hoyle (Ed.), Handbook of structural equation modeling (pp. 209–231).
New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
Wu, P., Robinson, C.C., Yang, C., Hart, C.H., Olsen, S.F., Porter, C.L., Jin, S., Wo, J., & Wu, X.
(2002). Similarities and differences in mothers’ parenting of preschoolers in China and the
United States. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 26(6), 481-491.
doi:10.1080/01650250143000436
Development, 37(4), 887-907. doi:10.2307/1126611
Baumrind, D. (1968). Authoritarian vs. authoritative parental control. Adolescence, 3, 255-272.
Bentler, P., & Wu, E. (2015). Supplement to EQS6.3 for Windows user’s guide. Temple City, CA:
Multivariate Software, Inc.
Byrne, B. (2006). Structural equation modeling with EQS: Basic concepts, applications, and
programming. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Darling, N., & Steinberg, L. (1993). Parenting style as context: An integrative model.
Psychological Bulletin, 113(3), 487-496. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.113.3.487
de la Torre Cruz, M., Casanova, P.F., Carpio, M.V., & Cerezo, M.T. (2013). Consistencia e
inconsistencia parental: relaciones con la conducta agresiva y satisfacción vital de los
adolescentes. European Journal of Education and Psychology, 6(2), 135-149.
doi:10.1989/ejep.v6i2.112
Fernández-Zabala, A., Goñi, E., Camino, I., & Zulaika, L.M. (2016). Family and school context in
school engagement. European Journal of Education and Psychology, 9(2), 47-55. doi:
10.1016/j.ejeps.2015.09.001
Fu, Y., Hou, X., Meng, H., Qiu, T., Qin, Q., & Li, T. (2013). 1368–Study on validity and
reliability of the chinese version of parenting styles and dimensions questionnaire (PSDQ).
European Psychiatry, 28(S1), 1. doi: 10.1016/S0924-9338(13)76413-7
Garaigordobil, M., & Aliri, J. (2012). Parental socialization styles, parents’ educational level, and
sexist attitudes in adolescence. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 15, 592-603.
doi:10.5209/rev_SJOP.2012.v15.n2.38870
García, F., Fernández-Doménech, L., Veiga, F.H., Bono, R., Serra, E. & Musitu, G. (2015).
Parenting Styles and Parenting Practices: Analyzing current relationships in the Spanish
Context. In F. García, Parenting: Cultural influences and impact on childhood health and
well-being (pp. 17-31). Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
Hart, C.H., Nelson, D.A., Robinson, C.C., Olson, S.F., & McNeilly-Choque, M.K. (1998). Overt
and relational aggression in Russian nursery-school-aged children: Parenting style and
marital linkages. Developmental Psychology, 34, 687-687.
Hoff, E., Laursen, B. & Tardif, T. (2002). Socioeconomic status and parenting. In M. H. Bornstein
(Ed.), Handbook of parenting: Vol. 2. Biology and ecology of parenting, (2a. ed., pp. 231-
252). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Jiménez, M.D.L.V.M., & Bernal, A.O. (2013). Percepción del clima social familiar y actitudes
ante el acoso escolar en adolescentes. European Journal of Investigation in Health,
Psychology and Education, 3(2), 149-160. doi: 10.1989/ejihpe.v3i2.32
Kern, R.M., & Jonyniene, J. (2012). Psychometric properties of the Lithuanian version of the
Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ): Pilot study. The Family Journal,
20(2), 205-214. doi:10.1177/1066480712439845
Lamborn, S.D., Mounts, N.S., Steinberg, L., & Dornbusch, S.M. (1991). Patterns of competence
and adjustment among adolescents from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and
neglectful families. Child Development, 62(5), 1049-1065. doi:10.2307/1131151
Locke, L.M., & Prinz, R.J. (2002). Measurement of parental discipline and nurturance. Clinical
Psychology Review, 22, 895-930. doi:10.1016/S0272-7358(02)00133-2
Maccoby, E.E., & Martin, J.A. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child
interaction. In P.H. Mussen & E.M. Hetherington (Eds.), Handbook of Child Psychology,
V.4. Socialization, personality and social development (pp. 1-102). New York: Wiley
Publishers.
Marôco, J. (2014). Análise de Equações Estruturais. [Structural Equations’ Analysis]. Pêro
Pinheiro: Report Number.
Martinón, J.M., Fariñas, F., Corras, T., Seijo, D., Souto, A. & Novo, M. (2017). Impacto de la
ruptura de los progenitores en el estado de salud física de los hijos. European Journal of
Education and Psychology, 10(1), 9-14. doi: 10.1016/j.ejeps.2016.10.002
Martínez-Loredo, V., Fernández-Artamendi, S., Weidberg, S., Pericot, I., López-Núñez, C.,
Fernández-Hermida, J., & Secades, R. (2016). Parenting styles and alcohol use among
adolescents: A longitudinal study. European Journal of Investigation in Health,
Psychology and Education, 6(1), 27-36. doi: 10.1989/ejihpe.v6i1.146
Miguel, I., Valentim, J.P., & Carugati, F. (2009). Questionário de estilos e Dimensões Parentais –
Versaão reduzida: Adaptação portuguesa do Parenting Styles and Dimensions
Questionnaire – Short Form. [Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire –
Portuguese Adaptation of Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire – Short Form].
Psychologica, 51, 169-188.
Morowatisharifabad, M.A., Khankolabi, M., Gerami, M.H., Fallahzade, H., Mozaffari-Khosravi,
H., & Seadatee-Shamir, A. (2016). Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of
Parenting Style and Dimensions Questionnaire: Application for Childrens Health-related
Behaviors. International Journal of Pediatrics, 4(9), 3373-3380. doi:
10.22038/ijp.2016.7318
Nunes, C., Bodden, D.H.M., Lemos, I., Lorence, B. & Jiménez, L. (2014). Parenting practices and
quality of life in Dutch and Portuguese adolescents: A cross-cultural study. Journal of
Psychodidactics, 19(2), 327-346. doi:10.1387/RevPsicodidact.10493
Nunnally, J., & Bernstein, I. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Olivari, M.G., Tagliabue, S., & Confalonieri, E. (2013). Parenting Style and Dimensions
Questionnaire: A review of Reliability and Validity. Marriage & Family Review, 49, 465-
490. doi:10.1080/01494929.2013.770812
Önder, A., & Gülay, H. (2009). Reliability and validity of parenting styles & dimensions
questionnaire. Procedia–Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1, 508-514.
doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2009.01.092
Padilla-Walker, L.M., & Coyne, S.M. (2011). “Turn that thing off!” parent and adolescent
predictors of proactive media monitoring. Journal of Adolescence, 34, 705-715. doi:
10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.09.002
Pedro, M.F., Carapito, E., & Ribeiro, T. (2015). Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire–
Versão portuguesa de autorrelato [Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire–The
Portuguese Self-Report Version]. Psicologia, Reflexão e Crítica, 28(2), 302-312.
doi:10.1590/1678-7153.201528210
Porter, C.L., Hart, C.H., Yang, C., Robinson, C.C., Olsen, S.F., Zeng, Q., Olsen, J.A., & Jin, S.
(2005). A comparative study of child temperament and parenting in Beijing, China and the
western United States. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 29, 541-551.
doi:10.1080/0165025050014702
Robinson, C.C., Mandleco, B., Olsen, S.F., & Hart, C. (1995). Authoritative, authoritarian, and
permissive parenting practices: Development of a new measure. Psychological Reports,
77, 819-830. doi:10.2466/pr0.1995.77.3.819
Robinson, C.C., Mandleco, B., Olsen, S.F., & Hart, C. (2001). The parenting styles and
dimensions questionnaire (PSDQ). In B. F. Perlmutter, J. Touliatos, & G.W. Holden
(Eds.), Handbook of Family Measuremnt Techniques: Vol. 3. Instruments & Index (pp.
319-321). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Rodríguez-Fernández, A., Ramos-Díaz, E., Madariaga, J.M., Arrivillaga, A., & Galende, N.
(2016). Steps in the construction and verification of an explanatory model of psychosocial
adjustment. European Journal of Education and Psychology, 9(1), 20-28. doi:
10.1016/j.ejeps.2015.11.002
Santos, S., & Cruz, O. (2008). Questionário de Estilos Educativos. [Parenting Styles
Questionnaire]. In A.P. Noronha, C. Machado., L. Almeida, M. Gonçalves, S. Martins, &
V. Ramalho (Coord.), Avaliação Psicológica: Formas e Contextos – Actas. Braga:
Psiquílibrios.
Sheehan, M.J., & Watson, M.W. (2008). Reciprocal influences between maternal discipline
techniques and aggression in children and adolescents. Aggressive Behavior, 34(3), 245-
255. doi:10.1002/ab.20241
Tagliabue, S., Olivari, M.G., Bacchini, D., Affuso, G., & Confalonieri, E. (2014). Measuring
adolescents’ perceptions of parenting style during childhood: Psychometric properties of
the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 30(3),
251-258. doi:10.1590/S0102-37722014000300002
West, S., Taylor, A., & Wu, W. (2012). Model fit and model selection in structural equation
modeling. In R. Hoyle (Ed.), Handbook of structural equation modeling (pp. 209–231).
New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
Wu, P., Robinson, C.C., Yang, C., Hart, C.H., Olsen, S.F., Porter, C.L., Jin, S., Wo, J., & Wu, X.
(2002). Similarities and differences in mothers’ parenting of preschoolers in China and the
United States. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 26(6), 481-491.
doi:10.1080/01650250143000436