Problematic Internet use and procrastination among students: a meta-analysis Internet use and procrastination
Article Sidebar
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
This journal provides immediate free access to its content. The publication is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). The rights of the works published in this journal are property of the author and they are free to distribute and disseminate the same sources as long as he correctly cites the font of publication, these acts are not for commercial purposes and no derivative works are generated.
Main Article Content
Abstract
Problematic Internet use and procrastination are two frequent phenomena both among the general population and especially among adolescent and young students. Both phenomena are associated with various negative consequences in the educational field. The objective of this work is to examine the relationship between problematic Internet use and procrastination among students using meta-analytic techniques. A bibliographic search was carried out using the PsycInfo, Scopus, PubMed y Web of Science databases, recovering a total of 17 independent effect sizes from 16 papers. The total sample was composed of 8,421 participants. The results revealed a moderate relationship between problematic Internet use and procrastination (r = .40), hence those students who show higher levels of problematic Internet use also have higher scores of procrastination. The variability rate of the studies is high (I2 = 93.94%) and the presence of publication bias is not appreciated. Implications and limitations of the work are discussed. The need to continue investigating the relationship between the two variables is pointed out, especially through longitudinal studies.
References
Alimoradi, Z., Lin, C. Y., Broström, A., Bülow, P. H., Bajalan, Z., Griffiths, M. D., Ohayon, M. M., & Pakpour, A. H. (2019). Internet addiction and sleep problems: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 47, 51-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2019.06.004
Alt, D., & Boniel-Nissim, M. (2018). Links between adolescents' deep and surface learning approaches, problematic Internet use, and fear of missing out (FOMO). Internet Interventions, 13, 30-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.invent.2018.05.002
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.
Anam-ul-Malik, & Rafiq, N. (2016). Exploring the relationship of personality, loneliness, and online social support with interned addiction and procrastination. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 31(1), 93–117.
Andangsari, E. W., Djunaidi, A., Fitriana, E., & Harding, D. (2018). Loneliness and Problematic Internet Use (PIU) as Causes of Academic Procrastination. International Journal of Social Science Studies, 6(2), 113-123. https://doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v6i2.2834
Anderson, E. L., Steen, E., & Stavropoulos, V. (2016). Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: a systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 22(4), 430–454. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2016.1227716
Aspée, J., González, J., & Herrera, Y. (2021). Relación funcional entre procrastinación académica y compromiso en estudiantes de educación superior: una propuesta de análisis. Perspectiva Educacional, 60(1), 4-22. https://doi.org/10.4151/07189729-Vol.60-Iss.1-Art.1116
Aylaz, R., Güneş, G., Günaydın, Y., Kocaer, M., & Pehlivan, E. (2015). Problematic internet usage among high school students and the relevant factors. Turkish Journal of Public Health, 13(3), 184-192. https://doi.org/10.20518/thsd.65874
Aznar-Díaz, I., Romero-Rodríguez, J. M., García-González, A., & Ramírez-Montoya, M. S. (2020). Mexican and Spanish university students’ Internet addiction and academic procrastination: Correlation and potential factors. PLoS ONE, 15(5), e0233655. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233655
Balkis, M., & Erdinç, D. U. R. U. (2017). Gender differences in the relationship between academic procrastination, satifaction with academic life and academic performance. Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology, 15(1), 105-125. https://doi.org/10.14204/ejrep.41.16042
Bäulke, L., Eckerlein, N., & Dresel, M. (2018). Interrelations between motivational regulation, procrastination and college dropout intentions. Unterrichtswissenschaft, 46(4), 461-479. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42010-018-0029-5
Beard, K. W. (2005). Internet addiction: a review of current assessment techniques and potential assessment questions. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 8(1), 7-14. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2005.8.7
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P., & Rothstein, H. R. (2021). Introduction to meta-analysis. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
Botella, J. & Sánchez-Meca, J. (2015). Meta-Análisis en Ciencias Sociales y de la Salud. Madrid: Editorial Síntesis.
Brand, M., Young, K. S., Laier, C., Wölfling, K., & Potenza, M. N. (2016). Integrating psychological and neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific Internet-use disorders: An Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 71, 252-266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.033
Brooks, S., Wang, X., & Schneider, C. (2020). Technology Addictions and Technostress: An Examination of the US and China. Journal of Organizational and End User Computing (JOEUC), 32(2), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.4018/joeuc.2020040101
Çakıcı, D. Ç. (2003). An Examination of the general procrastination behavior and academic procrastination behavior in high-school and university students [Unpublished master thesis]. Ankara University.
Can, S., & Zeren, Ş. G. (2019). The Role of Internet Addiction and Basic Psychological Needs in Explaining the Academic Procrastination Behavior of Adolescents. Cukurova University Faculty of Education Journal, 48(2), 1012-1040. https://doi.org/10.14812/cufej.544325
Carli, V., Durkee, T., Wasserman, D., Hadlaczky, G., Despalins, R., Kramarz, E., Wasserman, C., Sarchiapone, M., Hoven, C. W., Brunner, R. & Kaess, M. (2013). The association between pathological internet use and comorbid psychopathology: a systematic review. Psychopathology, 46(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1159/000337971
Çevik, Ö., Rıdvan, A. T. A., & Çevik, M. (2021). Bullying and victimization among Turkish adolescents: the predictive role of problematic internet use, school burnout and parental monitoring. Education and Information Technologies, 26(3), 3203-3230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-020-10410-1
Clariana, M., Gotzens, C., del Mar Badia, M., & Cladellas, R. (2012). Procrastination and cheating from secondary school to university. Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology, 10(2), 737-754. https://doi.org/10.25115/ejrep.v10i27.1525
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Cohn, L. D., & Becker, B. J. (2003). How meta-analysis increases statistical power. Psychological Methods, 8(3), 243-253. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.8.3.243
Davis, R. A., Flett, G. L., & Besser, A. (2002). Validation of a New Scale for Measuring Problematic Internet Use: Implications for Pre-employment Screening. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 5(4), 331–345. https://doi.org/10.1089/109493102760275581
Di Nicola, M., Ferri, V. R., Moccia, L., Panaccione, I., Strangio, A. M., Tedeschi, D., Grandinetti, P., Callea, A., De-Giorgio, F., Martinotti, G., & Janiri, L. (2017). Gender Differences and Psychopathological Features Associated With Addictive Behaviors in Adolescents. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 8, 256. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00256
Dominguez-Lara, S., Prada-Chapoñan, R., & Moreta-Herrera, R. (2019). Gender differences in the influence of personality on academic procrastination in Peruvian college students. Acta Colombiana de Psicología, 22(2), 125-147. https://doi.org/10.14718/ACP.2019.22.2.7
Durak, H. Y. (2020). Modeling of variables related to problematic internet usage and problematic social media usage in adolescents. Current Psychology, 39(4), 1375-1387. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-9840-8
Geng, J., Han, L., Gao, F., Jou, M., & Huang, C. C. (2018). Internet addiction and procrastination among Chinese young adults: A moderated mediation model. Computers in Human Behavior, 84, 320-333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.03.013
Giotakos, O., Tsouvelas, G., Spourdalaki, E., Janikian, M., Tsitsika, A., & Vakirtzis, A. (2017). Internet gambling in relation to Internet addiction, substance use, online sexual engagement and suicidality in a Greek sample. International Gambling Studies, 17(1), 20-29. https://doi.org/10.1080/14459795.2016.1251605
Gong, Z., Wang, L., & Wang, H. (2021). Perceived Stress and Internet Addiction Among Chinese College Students: Mediating Effect of Procrastination and Moderating Effect of Flow. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 2290. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.632461
Günlü, A., & Ceyhan, A. A. (2017). Investigating adolescents’ behaviors on the internet and problematic internet usage. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 4, 75–117. https://doi.org/10.15805/addicta.2017.4.1.0016
Hamilton, W.K. (2018). MAJOR: Meta Analysis JamOvi R. For the jamovi project.
Hassan, T., Alam, M. M., Wahab, A., & Hawlader, M. D. (2020). Prevalence and associated factors of internet addiction among young adults in Bangladesh. Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association, 95(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42506-019-0032-7
Hayat, A. A., Kojuri, J., & Mitra Amini, M. D. (2020). Academic procrastination of medical students: The role of Internet addiction. Journal of Advances in Medical Education & Professionalism, 8(2), 83-89. https://doi.org/10.30476/JAMP.2020.85000.1159
Hernández, C., Ottenberger, D. R., Moessner, M., Crosby, R. D., & Ditzen, B. (2019). Depressed and swiping my problems for later: The moderation effect between procrastination and depressive symptomatology on internet addiction. Computers in Human Behavior, 97, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.02.027
Hidalgo-Fuentes, S., Martínez-Álvarez, I., & Sospedra-Baeza, M. J. (2021). Rendimiento académico en universitarios españoles: el papel de la personalidad y la procrastinación académica. European Journal of Education and Psychology, 14(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.32457/ejep.v14i1.1533
Hidalgo-Fuentes, S., Martínez-Álvarez, I., & Sospedra-Baeza, M. J. (2022). Autoestima y procrastinación en el ámbito académico: un meta-análisis. Revista Fuentes, 24(1), 77-89. https://doi.org/10.12795/revistafuentes.2022.19907
Higgins, J. P., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2003). Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ, 327(7414), 557-560. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557
Janssen, J. (2015). Academic procrastination: Prevalence among high school and undergraduate student and relationship to academic achievement [Doctoral dissertation]. Georgia State University.
Johnson, J. (2021). Global digital population as of January 2021. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/617136/digital-population-worldwide/
Kandemir, M. (2014). Predictors of academic procrastination: coping with stress, internet addiction and academic motivation. World Applied Sciences Journal, 32(5), 930-938. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.wasj.2014.32.05.60
Kardefelt-Winther, D. (2014). A conceptual and methodological critique of internet addiction research: Towards a model of compensatory internet use. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 351–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.059
Kardefelt‐Winther, D. (2017). Conceptualizing I nternet use disorders: A ddiction or coping process?. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 71(7), 459-466. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12413
Kindt, S., Szász-Janocha, C., Rehbein, F., & Lindenberg, K. (2019). School-related risk factors of internet use disorders. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(24), 4938. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16244938
Kim, J., Hong, H., Lee, J., & Hyun, M. H. (2017). Effects of time perspective and self-control on procrastination and Internet addiction. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 6(2), 229-236. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.6.2017.017
Kitazawa, M., Yoshimura, M., Murata, M., Sato-Fujimoto, Y., Hitokoto, H., Mimura, M., Tsubota, K., & Kishimoto, T. (2018). Associations between problematic Internet use and psychiatric symptoms among university students in Japan. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 72(7), 531–539. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12662
Kuss, D. J., Griffiths, M. D., & Binder, J. F. (2013). Internet addiction in students: Prevalence and risk factors. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(3), 959-966. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.12.024
Lei, H., Cheong, C. M., Li, S., & Lu, M. (2018). The relationship between coping style and Internet addiction among mainland Chinese students: A meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research, 270, 831-841. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.10.079
Lipsey, M. W., & Wilson, D. B. (2001). Practical meta-analysis. Thousand Oaks: SAGE.
Lozano-Blasco, R., & Cortés-Pascual, A. (2020). Usos problemáticos de Internet y depresión en adolescentes: Meta-análisis. Comunicar, 63, 109-120. https://doi.org/10.3916/c63-2020-10
Novak, T. P., Hoffman, D. L., & Duhachek, A. (2003). The Influence of Goal-Directed and Experiential Activities on Online Flow Experiences. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 13(1-2), 3–16. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327663jcp13-1&2_01
Nwosu, K. C., Ikwuka, O. I., Onyinyechi, M. U., & Unachukwu, G. C. (2020). Does the Association of Social Media Use with Problematic Internet Behaviours Predict Undergraduate Students' Academic Procrastination?. Canadian Journal of Learning and Technology, 46(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.21432/cjlt27890
Pan, Y. C., Chiu, Y. C., & Lin, Y. H. (2020). Systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiology of internet addiction. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 118, 612-622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.08.013
Pino, M. J., Herruzo, C., Lucena, V., & Herruzo, J. (2021). Uso problemático de Internet y problemas psicológicos entre estudiantes universitarios con discapacidad. Adicciones. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.1574
Polanin, J. R., Tanner-Smith, E. E., & Hennessy, E. A. (2016). Estimating the difference between published and unpublished effect sizes: A meta-review. Review of Educational Research, 86(1), 207-236. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654315582067
Ramos-Galarza, C., Jadán-Guerrero, J., Paredes-Núñez, L., Bolaños-Pasquel, M., & Gómez-García, A. (2017). Procrastinación, adicción al internet y rendimiento académico de estudiantes universitarios ecuatorianos. Estudios Pedagógicos (Valdivia), 43(3), 275-289. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-07052017000300016
Reinecke, L., Meier, A., Beutel, M. E., Schemer, C., Stark, B., Wölfling, K., & Müller, K. W. (2018). The relationship between trait procrastination, internet use, and psychological functioning: Results from a community sample of German adolescents. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 913. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00913
Rosenthal, R. (1991). Meta-analytic procedures for social research. Newbury Park : Sage.
Rozental, A., & Carlbring, P. (2014). Understanding and Treating Procrastination: A Review of a Common Self-Regulatory Failure. Psychology, 5(13), 1488–1502. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2014.513160
Rozgonjuk, D., Kattago, M., & Täht, K. (2018). Social media use in lectures mediates the relationship between procrastination and problematic smartphone use. Computers in Human Behavior, 89, 191–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.08.003
Schmidt, F. L., Oh, I. S., & Hayes, T. L. (2009). Fixed‐versus random‐effects models in meta‐analysis: Model properties and an empirical comparison of differences in results. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 62(1), 97-128. https://doi.org/10.1348/000711007x255327
Shao, Y., Zheng, T., Wang, Y., Liu, L., Chen, Y., & Yao, Y. (2018). Internet addiction detection rate among college students in the People’s Republic of China: a meta-analysis. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-018-0231-6
Sirois, F. M., & Kitner, R. (2015). Less adaptive or more maladaptive? A meta–analytic investigation of procrastination and coping. European Journal of Personality, 29(4), 433-444. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.1985
Sirois, F., & Pychyl, T. (2013). Procrastination and the Priority of Short-Term Mood Regulation: Consequences for Future Self. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(2), 115–127. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12011
Starcevic, V., & Aboujaoude, E. (2017). Internet addiction: Reappraisal of an increasingly inadequate concept. CNS Spectrums, 22(1), 7-13. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1092852915000863
Starcevic, V., & Billieux, J. (2017). Does the construct of Internet addiction reflect a single entity or a spectrum of disorders?. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 14(1), 5-10.
Suurmond, R., van Rhee, H., & Hak, T. (2017). Introduction, comparison, and validation of Meta‐Essentials: a free and simple tool for meta‐analysis. Research Synthesis Methods, 8(4), 537-553. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrsm.1260
Tice, D. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (1997). Longitudinal study of procrastination, performance, stress, and health: The costs and benefits of dawdling. Psychological Science, 8(6), 454-458. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00460.x
Tras, Z., & Gökçen, G. (2020). Academic Procrastination and Social Anxiety as Predictive Variables Internet Addiction of Adolescents. International Education Studies, 13(9), 23-35. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v13n9p23
Truzoli, R., Viganò, C., Galmozzi, P. G., & Reed, P. (2020). Problematic internet use and study motivation in higher education. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 36(4), 480-486. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.12414
Uzun, A. M., Unal, E., & Tokel, S. T. (2014). Exploring Internet Addiction, Academic Procrastination and General Procrastination among Pre-Service ICT Teachers. Mevlana International Journal of Education, 4(1), 189–201. https://doi.org/10.13054/mije.14.18.4.1
Xin, M., Xing, J., Pengfei, W., Houru, L., Mengcheng, W., & Hong, Z. (2018). Online activities, prevalence of Internet addiction and risk factors related to family and school among adolescents in China. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 7, 14-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2017.10.003
Young, K. S. (1996). Psychology of computer use: XL. Addictive use of the Internet: a case that breaks the stereotype. Psychological Reports, 79(3), 899-902. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.79.3.899
Young, K. S. (1998). Caught in the net. Wiley.
Yu, L., & Shek, D. T. L. (2018). Testing longitudinal relationships between Internet addiction and well-being in Hong Kong adolescents: cross-lagged analyses based on three waves of data. Child Indicators Research, 11(5), 1545-1562. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-017-9494-3
Zhou, D., Liu, J., & Liu, J. (2020). The effect of problematic Internet use on mathematics achievement: The mediating role of self-efficacy and the moderating role of teacher-student relationships. Children and Youth Services Review, 118, 105372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105372