Prematurity: parental stress, temperament and infant development
Prematurity: parental stress, temperament and infant development
Main Article Content
Abstract
The study was aimed at exploring the association between parenting distress, maternal perception of infant temperament and level of infant development when a preterm birth occurs. At 3 months of corrected age, 78 preterm infants and their mothers were compared with 73 term infants, using: Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (PSI-SF); Italian Questionnaires of Temperament (QUIT; 1-12 months); Griffiths Mental Development Scales (GMDS; 0-2 years). Results showed that preterm infants’ mothers showed higher level of distress and perceived their infants as more difficult. Moreover, in GMDS preterm infants reported lower scores in Hearing-Language, Performance and General Quotients compared to full term ones. Significant predictors of higher maternal distress were preterm birth, lower infant Locomotor and Personal-Social development and perception of lower Positive Emotionality, higher Negative Emotionality. Preterm birth has a deeply stressful impact that can be exacerbated by the perception of the disparity between the demands of neonatal care and resources available.
References
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Axia, G. (2002). QUIT: Questionari italiani del Temperamento. Trento: Erickson.
Beck, S., Wojdyla, D., Say, L., Betran, A.P., Merialdi, M., Requejo, J.H., Rubens, C., Menon, R.
& Van Look, P.F.A. (2010). The worldwide incidence of preterm birth: a systematic
review of maternal mortality and morbidity. Bullettin World Health Organization, 88, 31-38.
Bhutta, A., Cleves, M.A., Casey, P.H., Cradock, M.M. & Anand, K.J.S. (2002). Cognitive and Behavioral Outcomes of School-Aged Children Who Were Born Preterm. Journal of American Medical Association, 288(6), 728-737.
Brazelton, T.B. & Greenspan, S.I. (2001). I bisogni irrinunciabili dei bambini. Milano: Raffaello Cortina Editore.
Brooten, D., Gennaro, S., Brown, L.P. & Butts, P. (1988). Anxiety, depression, and hostility in mothers of preterm infants. Nursing Research, 37, 213-216.
Brummelte, S., Grunau, R.E., Synnes, A.R., Whitfield, M.F. & Petrie-Thomas, J. (2011). Declining cognitive development from 8 to 18 months in preterm children predicts persisting higher parenting stress. Early Human Development, 87(4), 273-280.
Carter, J.D., Mulder, R.T., Bartram, A.F. & Darlow, B.A. (2005). Infants in a neonatal intensive care unit: parental response. Archives of Disease in Child Fetal and Neonatal Edition, 90, 109-113.
Claas, M.J., Bruinse, H.W., van der Heide-Jalving, M., Termote, J.U.M. & de Vries, S.L.S. (2010). Changes in survival and neonatal morbidity in infants with a birth weight of 750 gram or less. Neonatology, 98, 278-288.
Davis, L., Edwards, H., Mohay, H. & Wollin, J. (2003). The impact of very premature birth on the psychological health of mothers. Early Human Development, 73, 61-70.
DeMier, R.L., Htnan, M.T., Hatfield, R.F., Varner, M.W., Harris, H.B. & Manniello, R.L. (2000). A measurement model of perinatal stressors: Identifying risk for postnatal emotional distress in mothers of high-risk infants. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56(1), 89-100.
Dennis, T. (2006). Emotional self-regulation in preschoolers: The interplay of child approach reactivity, parenting, and control capacities. Developmental Psychology, 42, 84-97.
Giannì, M.L., Picciolini, O., Vegni, C., Gardon, L., Fumagalli, M. & Mosca, F. (2007). TwelveMonth Neurofunctional Assessment and Cognitive Performance at 36 Months of Age in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants. Pediatrics, 120(5), 1012-1019.
Gray, P.H., Edwards, D.M., O’Callaghan, M.J. & Cuskelly, M. (2012). Parenting stress in mothers of preterm infants during early infancy. Early Human Development, 88, 45-49.
Griffith, R. (1996). GMDS-R, Griffiths Mental Development Scales Revised 0-2 anni. Firenze: Giunti O.S. Edizione italiana a cura di F.M. Battaglia, M.Savoini.
Grunau, R.E., Whitfield, M.F., Petrie-Thomas, J., Synnes, A.R., Cepeda, I.L., Keidar, A., Rogers, M., MacKay, M., Hubber-Richard, P. & Johannesen, D. (2009). Neonatal pain, parenting stress and interaction, in relation to cognitive and motor development at 8 and 18 months in preterm infants. Pain, 143(1-2), 138-146.
Guarino, A., Di Blasio, P., D'Alessio, M., Camisasca, E. & Serantoni, G. (2007). PSI Parenting Stress Index - Forma breve - Per l'identificazione precoce di sistemi relazionali genitore-bambino stressanti. Firenze: Giunti OS.
Halpern, L.F., Brand, K.L. & Malone, A.F. (2001). Parenting Stress in Mothers of Very-LowBirth-Weight (VLBW) and Full-Term Infants: A function of Infant Behavioral Characteristics and Child-Rearing Attitudes. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 26, 93104.
Holditch-Davis, D.H., Miles, M.S., Weaver, M.A., Black, B., Beeber, L., Thoyre, S. & Engelke, S. (2009). Pattern of Distress in African American Mothers of Preterm Infants. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatric, 30(3), 193-205.
Hughes, M.B., Shults, J., McGrath, J. & Medoff-Cooper, B. (2002). Temperament Characteristics of Premature Infants in the First Year of Life. Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 23(6), 430-435.
Huhtala, M., Korja, R., Lehtonen, L., Haataja, L., Lapinleimu, H., Munck, P., Rautava, P., the PIPARI Study Group (2011). Parental psychological well-being and cognitive development of very low birth weight infants at 2 years. Acta Paediatrica, 100(12), 1555-1560.
Jackson, K., Ternestedt, B.M., Magnuson, A. & Schollin, J. (2007). Parental stress and toddler behaviour at age 18 months after pre-term birth. Acta Pediatrica, 96, 227-232.
Kerestes, G. (2005). Maternal Ratings of Temperamental Characteristics of Healthy Premature Infants are Indistinguishable from Those of Full-Term Infants. Croatian Medical Journal, 46(1), 36-44.
Lau, R. & Morse, C.A. (2003). Stress experience of parents with premature infants in a special care nursery. Stress and Health, 19, 69-78.
Laucht, M., Esser, G. & Schmidt, M. (2001). Differential development of infants at risk for psychopathology: The moderating role of early maternal responsivity. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 43, 292-300.
Lutz, K.F., Burnson, A.H., Samuelson, A., Maleck, S. & Poehlmann, J. (2012). Parenting Stress, Social Support, and Mother-Child Interactions in Families of Multiple and Singleton Preterm Toddlers. Family Relations, 61(4), 642-656.
Matricardi, S., Agostino, R., Fedeli, C. & Montirosso, R. (2013). Mothers are not fathers: differences between parents in the reduction of stress levels after a parental intervention in a NICU. Acta Paediatrica, 102, 8-14.
Miceli, P., Goeke-Morey, M., Whitman, T., Kolberg, K.S., Miller-Loncar, C. & White, R.D. (2000). Brief Report: Birth Status, Medical Complications, and Social Environment: Individual Differences in Development of Preterm, Very Low Birth Weight Infants. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 25(5), 353-358.
Miles, M.S. & Holditch-Davis, D. (1997). Parenting the prematurely born child: pathways of influence. Seminars in Perinatology, 21(3), 254-266.
Monti, F., Agostini, F. & Neri, E. (2013). Il trauma della nascita pretermine e la sintomatologia ansiosa-depressiva materna. In: A., Sansavini, G., Faldella (a cura di). Lo sviluppo neuropsicologico dei bambini nati pretermine: percorsi evolutivi, metodi di valutazione e interventi, Milano: Franco Angeli, 137-146.
Monti, F., Fava, R. & Agostini, F. (2005). La ricerca: la nascita pretermine, ascoltare le lacrime della madre. In: G. Perricone, M.R. Morales (a cura di). Aladino e la sua lampada. Il servizio “Scuola in ospedale” una forma di tutela del minore. Roma: Armando Editore.
Negri, R. (2012). Il neonato in terapia intensiva. Un modello neuro psicanalitico di prevenzione. Milano: Raffaello Cortina Editore.
Newnham, C.A., Milgrom, J. & Skouteris, H. (2009). Effectiveness of a Modified Mother-Infant Transaction Program on Outcomes for Preterm Infants from 3 to 24 months of age. Infant Behavior and Development, 32(1), 17-26.
Niven, C., Wisznirwkski, C. & AlRoomi, L. (1993). Attachment (bonding) in mothers of pre-term babies. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 11(3), 175-185.
Olafsen, K.S., Kaaresen, P.I., Handegard, B.H., Ulvund, S.E., Dahl, L.B. & Ronning, J.A. (2008). Maternal ratings of infant regulatory competence from 6 to 12 months: Influence of perceived stress, birth-weight, and intervention. A randomized controlled trial. Infant Behaviour and Development, 31, 408-421.
Perricone, G. & Morales, M.R. (2011a). The temperament of preterm infant in preschool age. Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 37(4), 1-7.
Perricone, G. & Morales, M.R. (2011b). Prerequisiti e indicatori di difficoltà di apprendimento in bambini moderatamente pretermine di età prescolare. Ricerche Di Psicoterapia, 1.
Perricone, G., Scimeca, G.P. & Maugeri, R. (2004). La nascita prematura nell’ottica del to care. Età Evolutiva, 78, 85-92.
Pierrehumbert, B., Nicole, A., Muller-Nix, C., Forcada-Guex, M. & Ansermet, F. (2003). Parental post-traumatic reactions after premature birth: implications for sleeping and eating problems in the infant. Archives of Disease Child Fetal & Neonatal Edition, 88, 400404.
Sansavini, A. & Guarini, A. (2013). Lo sviluppo comunicativo-linguistico e cognitivo dei nati pretermine. In A. Sansavini, G. Faldella, (a cura di). Lo sviluppo dei bambini nati pretermine. Aspetti neuropsicologici, metodi di valutazione e interventi. Milano: Franco Angeli.
Shaw, R.J., Bernard, R.S., DeBlois, T., Ikuta, L.M., Ginzburg, K. & Koopman, C. (2009). The relationship Between Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Psychosomatics, 50(2), 131-137.
Sheinkopf, S., Lester, B., LaGasse, L., Seifer, R., Bauer, C.R., Shankaran, S., Bada, H.S., Poole, W.K. & Wright, L.L. (2006). Interaction Between Maternal Characteristics and Neonatal Behavior in the Prediction of Parenting Stress and Perception of Infant Temperament. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 31(1), 27-40.
Singer, L.T., Fulton, S., Davillier, M., Koshy, D., Salvator, A. & Baley, J.E. (2003). Effects of infant risk status and maternal psychological distress on maternal-infant interactions during the first year of life. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 24, 233-241.
Singer, L.T., Salvator, A., Guo, S., Collin, M., Lilien, L. & Baley, J. (1999). Maternal Psychological distress after the birth of a very low-birth-weight infant. Journal of American Medicine Association, 281, 799-805.
Spielman, V. & Taubman-Ben-Ari, O. (2009). Parental Self-Efficacy and Stress-Related Growth in the Transition to Parenthood: A Comparison between Parents of Pre- and Full-Term Babies. Health & Social Work, 34(3), 201-212.
Tamaru, S., Kikuchi, A., Takagi, K., Wakamatsu, M., Ono, K., Horikoshi, T., Kihara, H. & Nakamura, T. (2011). Neurodevelopmental outcomes of very low birth weight and extremely low birth weight infants at 18 months of corrected age associated with prenatal risk factors. Early Human Development, 87, 55-59.
Tessier, R., Cristo, M.B., Velez, S., Giron, M., Nadeau, L., Figueroa de Calume, Z., Ruiz-Paláez, J. & Charpak, N. (2003). Kangaroo mother care: A method for protecting high-risk lowbirth-weight and premature infants against developmental delay. Infant Behavior and Development, 26, 304-397.
Treyvaud, K., Doyle, L.W., Lee, K.J., Roberts, G., Cheong, J.L.Y., Inder, T.E. & Anderson, P.J. (2011). Family functioning, burden and parenting stress 2 years after very preterm birth. Early Human Development, 87(6), 427-431.
Trombini, E., Surcinelli, P., Piccioni, A., Alessandroni, R. & Faldella, G. (2008). Environmental factors associated with stress in mothers of preterm newborns. Acta Paediatrica, 97, 894-898.
Tu, M.T., Grunau, R.E., Petrie-Thomas, J., Haley, D.W., Weinberg, J. & Whitfield, M.F. (2007).
Maternal Stress and Behavior Modulate Relationships between Neonatal Stress, Attention, and Basal Cortisol at 8 Months in Preterm Infants. Developmental Psychobiology, 49, 150-164.
Tully, L.A., Arsenault, L., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T.E. & Morgan, J. (2004). Does maternal warmth moderate the effects of birth weight on twins’ attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD) symptoms and low IQ? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 218-226.
Vanderbilt, D. & Gleason, M.M. (2011). Mental Health Concerns of the Premature Infant Through the Lifespan. Pediatric Clinical Nurse of American, 58, 815-832.
Vigod, S., Villegas, L., Dennis, C.L. & Ross, L. (2010). Prevalence and risk factors for postpartum depression among women with preterm and low-birth-weight infants: a systematic review. International Journal of Obstetrics and Ginaecology, 117, 540-550.
Voegtline, K.M., Stifter, C.A. & The Family Project Investigators (2010). Late-preterm birth, maternal symptomatology, and infant negativity. Infant Behavior and Development, 33, 545-554.
Walther, F.J., den Ouden, A.L. & Verloove-Vanhorick, S.P. (2000). Looking back in time: outcome of a national cohort of very preterm infants born in The Netherlands in 1983. Early Human Development, 59(3), 175-191.
Weiss, S.J, Jonn-Seed, M.St. & Wilson, P. (2004). The Temperament of Pre-Term, Low Birth Weight Infants and its Potential Biological Substrates. Research in Nursing & Health, 27, 392-402.
Zelkowitz, P., Papageorgiou, A., Bardin, C. & Wang, T. (2009). Persistent maternal anxiety affects the interaction between mothers and their very low birth weight children at 24 months. Early Human Development, 85, 51-58.
Axia, G. (2002). QUIT: Questionari italiani del Temperamento. Trento: Erickson.
Beck, S., Wojdyla, D., Say, L., Betran, A.P., Merialdi, M., Requejo, J.H., Rubens, C., Menon, R.
& Van Look, P.F.A. (2010). The worldwide incidence of preterm birth: a systematic
review of maternal mortality and morbidity. Bullettin World Health Organization, 88, 31-38.
Bhutta, A., Cleves, M.A., Casey, P.H., Cradock, M.M. & Anand, K.J.S. (2002). Cognitive and Behavioral Outcomes of School-Aged Children Who Were Born Preterm. Journal of American Medical Association, 288(6), 728-737.
Brazelton, T.B. & Greenspan, S.I. (2001). I bisogni irrinunciabili dei bambini. Milano: Raffaello Cortina Editore.
Brooten, D., Gennaro, S., Brown, L.P. & Butts, P. (1988). Anxiety, depression, and hostility in mothers of preterm infants. Nursing Research, 37, 213-216.
Brummelte, S., Grunau, R.E., Synnes, A.R., Whitfield, M.F. & Petrie-Thomas, J. (2011). Declining cognitive development from 8 to 18 months in preterm children predicts persisting higher parenting stress. Early Human Development, 87(4), 273-280.
Carter, J.D., Mulder, R.T., Bartram, A.F. & Darlow, B.A. (2005). Infants in a neonatal intensive care unit: parental response. Archives of Disease in Child Fetal and Neonatal Edition, 90, 109-113.
Claas, M.J., Bruinse, H.W., van der Heide-Jalving, M., Termote, J.U.M. & de Vries, S.L.S. (2010). Changes in survival and neonatal morbidity in infants with a birth weight of 750 gram or less. Neonatology, 98, 278-288.
Davis, L., Edwards, H., Mohay, H. & Wollin, J. (2003). The impact of very premature birth on the psychological health of mothers. Early Human Development, 73, 61-70.
DeMier, R.L., Htnan, M.T., Hatfield, R.F., Varner, M.W., Harris, H.B. & Manniello, R.L. (2000). A measurement model of perinatal stressors: Identifying risk for postnatal emotional distress in mothers of high-risk infants. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56(1), 89-100.
Dennis, T. (2006). Emotional self-regulation in preschoolers: The interplay of child approach reactivity, parenting, and control capacities. Developmental Psychology, 42, 84-97.
Giannì, M.L., Picciolini, O., Vegni, C., Gardon, L., Fumagalli, M. & Mosca, F. (2007). TwelveMonth Neurofunctional Assessment and Cognitive Performance at 36 Months of Age in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants. Pediatrics, 120(5), 1012-1019.
Gray, P.H., Edwards, D.M., O’Callaghan, M.J. & Cuskelly, M. (2012). Parenting stress in mothers of preterm infants during early infancy. Early Human Development, 88, 45-49.
Griffith, R. (1996). GMDS-R, Griffiths Mental Development Scales Revised 0-2 anni. Firenze: Giunti O.S. Edizione italiana a cura di F.M. Battaglia, M.Savoini.
Grunau, R.E., Whitfield, M.F., Petrie-Thomas, J., Synnes, A.R., Cepeda, I.L., Keidar, A., Rogers, M., MacKay, M., Hubber-Richard, P. & Johannesen, D. (2009). Neonatal pain, parenting stress and interaction, in relation to cognitive and motor development at 8 and 18 months in preterm infants. Pain, 143(1-2), 138-146.
Guarino, A., Di Blasio, P., D'Alessio, M., Camisasca, E. & Serantoni, G. (2007). PSI Parenting Stress Index - Forma breve - Per l'identificazione precoce di sistemi relazionali genitore-bambino stressanti. Firenze: Giunti OS.
Halpern, L.F., Brand, K.L. & Malone, A.F. (2001). Parenting Stress in Mothers of Very-LowBirth-Weight (VLBW) and Full-Term Infants: A function of Infant Behavioral Characteristics and Child-Rearing Attitudes. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 26, 93104.
Holditch-Davis, D.H., Miles, M.S., Weaver, M.A., Black, B., Beeber, L., Thoyre, S. & Engelke, S. (2009). Pattern of Distress in African American Mothers of Preterm Infants. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatric, 30(3), 193-205.
Hughes, M.B., Shults, J., McGrath, J. & Medoff-Cooper, B. (2002). Temperament Characteristics of Premature Infants in the First Year of Life. Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 23(6), 430-435.
Huhtala, M., Korja, R., Lehtonen, L., Haataja, L., Lapinleimu, H., Munck, P., Rautava, P., the PIPARI Study Group (2011). Parental psychological well-being and cognitive development of very low birth weight infants at 2 years. Acta Paediatrica, 100(12), 1555-1560.
Jackson, K., Ternestedt, B.M., Magnuson, A. & Schollin, J. (2007). Parental stress and toddler behaviour at age 18 months after pre-term birth. Acta Pediatrica, 96, 227-232.
Kerestes, G. (2005). Maternal Ratings of Temperamental Characteristics of Healthy Premature Infants are Indistinguishable from Those of Full-Term Infants. Croatian Medical Journal, 46(1), 36-44.
Lau, R. & Morse, C.A. (2003). Stress experience of parents with premature infants in a special care nursery. Stress and Health, 19, 69-78.
Laucht, M., Esser, G. & Schmidt, M. (2001). Differential development of infants at risk for psychopathology: The moderating role of early maternal responsivity. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 43, 292-300.
Lutz, K.F., Burnson, A.H., Samuelson, A., Maleck, S. & Poehlmann, J. (2012). Parenting Stress, Social Support, and Mother-Child Interactions in Families of Multiple and Singleton Preterm Toddlers. Family Relations, 61(4), 642-656.
Matricardi, S., Agostino, R., Fedeli, C. & Montirosso, R. (2013). Mothers are not fathers: differences between parents in the reduction of stress levels after a parental intervention in a NICU. Acta Paediatrica, 102, 8-14.
Miceli, P., Goeke-Morey, M., Whitman, T., Kolberg, K.S., Miller-Loncar, C. & White, R.D. (2000). Brief Report: Birth Status, Medical Complications, and Social Environment: Individual Differences in Development of Preterm, Very Low Birth Weight Infants. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 25(5), 353-358.
Miles, M.S. & Holditch-Davis, D. (1997). Parenting the prematurely born child: pathways of influence. Seminars in Perinatology, 21(3), 254-266.
Monti, F., Agostini, F. & Neri, E. (2013). Il trauma della nascita pretermine e la sintomatologia ansiosa-depressiva materna. In: A., Sansavini, G., Faldella (a cura di). Lo sviluppo neuropsicologico dei bambini nati pretermine: percorsi evolutivi, metodi di valutazione e interventi, Milano: Franco Angeli, 137-146.
Monti, F., Fava, R. & Agostini, F. (2005). La ricerca: la nascita pretermine, ascoltare le lacrime della madre. In: G. Perricone, M.R. Morales (a cura di). Aladino e la sua lampada. Il servizio “Scuola in ospedale” una forma di tutela del minore. Roma: Armando Editore.
Negri, R. (2012). Il neonato in terapia intensiva. Un modello neuro psicanalitico di prevenzione. Milano: Raffaello Cortina Editore.
Newnham, C.A., Milgrom, J. & Skouteris, H. (2009). Effectiveness of a Modified Mother-Infant Transaction Program on Outcomes for Preterm Infants from 3 to 24 months of age. Infant Behavior and Development, 32(1), 17-26.
Niven, C., Wisznirwkski, C. & AlRoomi, L. (1993). Attachment (bonding) in mothers of pre-term babies. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 11(3), 175-185.
Olafsen, K.S., Kaaresen, P.I., Handegard, B.H., Ulvund, S.E., Dahl, L.B. & Ronning, J.A. (2008). Maternal ratings of infant regulatory competence from 6 to 12 months: Influence of perceived stress, birth-weight, and intervention. A randomized controlled trial. Infant Behaviour and Development, 31, 408-421.
Perricone, G. & Morales, M.R. (2011a). The temperament of preterm infant in preschool age. Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 37(4), 1-7.
Perricone, G. & Morales, M.R. (2011b). Prerequisiti e indicatori di difficoltà di apprendimento in bambini moderatamente pretermine di età prescolare. Ricerche Di Psicoterapia, 1.
Perricone, G., Scimeca, G.P. & Maugeri, R. (2004). La nascita prematura nell’ottica del to care. Età Evolutiva, 78, 85-92.
Pierrehumbert, B., Nicole, A., Muller-Nix, C., Forcada-Guex, M. & Ansermet, F. (2003). Parental post-traumatic reactions after premature birth: implications for sleeping and eating problems in the infant. Archives of Disease Child Fetal & Neonatal Edition, 88, 400404.
Sansavini, A. & Guarini, A. (2013). Lo sviluppo comunicativo-linguistico e cognitivo dei nati pretermine. In A. Sansavini, G. Faldella, (a cura di). Lo sviluppo dei bambini nati pretermine. Aspetti neuropsicologici, metodi di valutazione e interventi. Milano: Franco Angeli.
Shaw, R.J., Bernard, R.S., DeBlois, T., Ikuta, L.M., Ginzburg, K. & Koopman, C. (2009). The relationship Between Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Psychosomatics, 50(2), 131-137.
Sheinkopf, S., Lester, B., LaGasse, L., Seifer, R., Bauer, C.R., Shankaran, S., Bada, H.S., Poole, W.K. & Wright, L.L. (2006). Interaction Between Maternal Characteristics and Neonatal Behavior in the Prediction of Parenting Stress and Perception of Infant Temperament. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 31(1), 27-40.
Singer, L.T., Fulton, S., Davillier, M., Koshy, D., Salvator, A. & Baley, J.E. (2003). Effects of infant risk status and maternal psychological distress on maternal-infant interactions during the first year of life. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 24, 233-241.
Singer, L.T., Salvator, A., Guo, S., Collin, M., Lilien, L. & Baley, J. (1999). Maternal Psychological distress after the birth of a very low-birth-weight infant. Journal of American Medicine Association, 281, 799-805.
Spielman, V. & Taubman-Ben-Ari, O. (2009). Parental Self-Efficacy and Stress-Related Growth in the Transition to Parenthood: A Comparison between Parents of Pre- and Full-Term Babies. Health & Social Work, 34(3), 201-212.
Tamaru, S., Kikuchi, A., Takagi, K., Wakamatsu, M., Ono, K., Horikoshi, T., Kihara, H. & Nakamura, T. (2011). Neurodevelopmental outcomes of very low birth weight and extremely low birth weight infants at 18 months of corrected age associated with prenatal risk factors. Early Human Development, 87, 55-59.
Tessier, R., Cristo, M.B., Velez, S., Giron, M., Nadeau, L., Figueroa de Calume, Z., Ruiz-Paláez, J. & Charpak, N. (2003). Kangaroo mother care: A method for protecting high-risk lowbirth-weight and premature infants against developmental delay. Infant Behavior and Development, 26, 304-397.
Treyvaud, K., Doyle, L.W., Lee, K.J., Roberts, G., Cheong, J.L.Y., Inder, T.E. & Anderson, P.J. (2011). Family functioning, burden and parenting stress 2 years after very preterm birth. Early Human Development, 87(6), 427-431.
Trombini, E., Surcinelli, P., Piccioni, A., Alessandroni, R. & Faldella, G. (2008). Environmental factors associated with stress in mothers of preterm newborns. Acta Paediatrica, 97, 894-898.
Tu, M.T., Grunau, R.E., Petrie-Thomas, J., Haley, D.W., Weinberg, J. & Whitfield, M.F. (2007).
Maternal Stress and Behavior Modulate Relationships between Neonatal Stress, Attention, and Basal Cortisol at 8 Months in Preterm Infants. Developmental Psychobiology, 49, 150-164.
Tully, L.A., Arsenault, L., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T.E. & Morgan, J. (2004). Does maternal warmth moderate the effects of birth weight on twins’ attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD) symptoms and low IQ? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 218-226.
Vanderbilt, D. & Gleason, M.M. (2011). Mental Health Concerns of the Premature Infant Through the Lifespan. Pediatric Clinical Nurse of American, 58, 815-832.
Vigod, S., Villegas, L., Dennis, C.L. & Ross, L. (2010). Prevalence and risk factors for postpartum depression among women with preterm and low-birth-weight infants: a systematic review. International Journal of Obstetrics and Ginaecology, 117, 540-550.
Voegtline, K.M., Stifter, C.A. & The Family Project Investigators (2010). Late-preterm birth, maternal symptomatology, and infant negativity. Infant Behavior and Development, 33, 545-554.
Walther, F.J., den Ouden, A.L. & Verloove-Vanhorick, S.P. (2000). Looking back in time: outcome of a national cohort of very preterm infants born in The Netherlands in 1983. Early Human Development, 59(3), 175-191.
Weiss, S.J, Jonn-Seed, M.St. & Wilson, P. (2004). The Temperament of Pre-Term, Low Birth Weight Infants and its Potential Biological Substrates. Research in Nursing & Health, 27, 392-402.
Zelkowitz, P., Papageorgiou, A., Bardin, C. & Wang, T. (2009). Persistent maternal anxiety affects the interaction between mothers and their very low birth weight children at 24 months. Early Human Development, 85, 51-58.