La prematuridad: el estrés paternal, el temperamento y el desarrollo del niño
La prematuridad: el estrés paternal, el temperamento y el desarrollo del niño
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
El estudio explora, en el parto prematuro, la relación entre el estrés de los padres, la percepción maternal del temperamento del niño y el nivel de desarrollo del niño. Para la evaluación de una muestra de 78 niños prematuros a los 3 meses exactos de edad, en comparación con 73 nacidos a término, se han usado: Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (PSI-SF), para el estrés parental; cuestionarios italianos para el temperamento (QUIT, 1-12 meses), para el temperamento; las escalas de desarrollo mental de Griffiths (GMDS; 0-2 años), para el desarrollo del niño. Los resultados muestran que las madres de prematuro experimentan un estrés paternal significativamente mayor y sienten una reducción de la actividad motora en sus hijos, que tienen un menor nivel de desarrollo en la escala de Oído-Lenguaje, performance y cociente general. Los predictores significativos de estrés materno son los siguientes: nacimiento pre término, disminución en el desarrollo locomotor y personal-social y la percepción materna de una alta emocionalidad positiva y una baja emocionalidad negativa. El nacimiento prematuro tiene un profundo impacto estresante en las madres, agravado por la percepción de la disparidad entre las exigencias de la atención neonatal y los recursos disponibles
Citas
Abidin, R. (1995). Parenting stress index: professional manual. (3rd ed.). Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources. Inc.
Axia, G. (2002). QUIT: Questionari italiani del Temperamento. Trento: Erickson.
Beck, S., Wojdyla, D., Say, L., Betran, A.P., Merialdi, M., Requejo, J.H., Rubens, C., Menon, R.
& Van Look, P.F.A. (2010). The worldwide incidence of preterm birth: a systematic
review of maternal mortality and morbidity. Bullettin World Health Organization, 88, 31-38.
Bhutta, A., Cleves, M.A., Casey, P.H., Cradock, M.M. & Anand, K.J.S. (2002). Cognitive and Behavioral Outcomes of School-Aged Children Who Were Born Preterm. Journal of American Medical Association, 288(6), 728-737.
Brazelton, T.B. & Greenspan, S.I. (2001). I bisogni irrinunciabili dei bambini. Milano: Raffaello Cortina Editore.
Brooten, D., Gennaro, S., Brown, L.P. & Butts, P. (1988). Anxiety, depression, and hostility in mothers of preterm infants. Nursing Research, 37, 213-216.
Brummelte, S., Grunau, R.E., Synnes, A.R., Whitfield, M.F. & Petrie-Thomas, J. (2011). Declining cognitive development from 8 to 18 months in preterm children predicts persisting higher parenting stress. Early Human Development, 87(4), 273-280.
Carter, J.D., Mulder, R.T., Bartram, A.F. & Darlow, B.A. (2005). Infants in a neonatal intensive care unit: parental response. Archives of Disease in Child Fetal and Neonatal Edition, 90, 109-113.
Claas, M.J., Bruinse, H.W., van der Heide-Jalving, M., Termote, J.U.M. & de Vries, S.L.S. (2010). Changes in survival and neonatal morbidity in infants with a birth weight of 750 gram or less. Neonatology, 98, 278-288.
Davis, L., Edwards, H., Mohay, H. & Wollin, J. (2003). The impact of very premature birth on the psychological health of mothers. Early Human Development, 73, 61-70.
DeMier, R.L., Htnan, M.T., Hatfield, R.F., Varner, M.W., Harris, H.B. & Manniello, R.L. (2000). A measurement model of perinatal stressors: Identifying risk for postnatal emotional distress in mothers of high-risk infants. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56(1), 89-100.
Dennis, T. (2006). Emotional self-regulation in preschoolers: The interplay of child approach reactivity, parenting, and control capacities. Developmental Psychology, 42, 84-97.
Giannì, M.L., Picciolini, O., Vegni, C., Gardon, L., Fumagalli, M. & Mosca, F. (2007). TwelveMonth Neurofunctional Assessment and Cognitive Performance at 36 Months of Age in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants. Pediatrics, 120(5), 1012-1019.
Gray, P.H., Edwards, D.M., O’Callaghan, M.J. & Cuskelly, M. (2012). Parenting stress in mothers of preterm infants during early infancy. Early Human Development, 88, 45-49.
Griffith, R. (1996). GMDS-R, Griffiths Mental Development Scales Revised 0-2 anni. Firenze: Giunti O.S. Edizione italiana a cura di F.M. Battaglia, M.Savoini.
Grunau, R.E., Whitfield, M.F., Petrie-Thomas, J., Synnes, A.R., Cepeda, I.L., Keidar, A., Rogers, M., MacKay, M., Hubber-Richard, P. & Johannesen, D. (2009). Neonatal pain, parenting stress and interaction, in relation to cognitive and motor development at 8 and 18 months in preterm infants. Pain, 143(1-2), 138-146.
Guarino, A., Di Blasio, P., D'Alessio, M., Camisasca, E. & Serantoni, G. (2007). PSI Parenting Stress Index - Forma breve - Per l'identificazione precoce di sistemi relazionali genitore-bambino stressanti. Firenze: Giunti OS.
Halpern, L.F., Brand, K.L. & Malone, A.F. (2001). Parenting Stress in Mothers of Very-LowBirth-Weight (VLBW) and Full-Term Infants: A function of Infant Behavioral Characteristics and Child-Rearing Attitudes. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 26, 93104.
Holditch-Davis, D.H., Miles, M.S., Weaver, M.A., Black, B., Beeber, L., Thoyre, S. & Engelke, S. (2009). Pattern of Distress in African American Mothers of Preterm Infants. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatric, 30(3), 193-205.
Hughes, M.B., Shults, J., McGrath, J. & Medoff-Cooper, B. (2002). Temperament Characteristics of Premature Infants in the First Year of Life. Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 23(6), 430-435.
Huhtala, M., Korja, R., Lehtonen, L., Haataja, L., Lapinleimu, H., Munck, P., Rautava, P., the PIPARI Study Group (2011). Parental psychological well-being and cognitive development of very low birth weight infants at 2 years. Acta Paediatrica, 100(12), 1555-1560.
Jackson, K., Ternestedt, B.M., Magnuson, A. & Schollin, J. (2007). Parental stress and toddler behaviour at age 18 months after pre-term birth. Acta Pediatrica, 96, 227-232.
Kerestes, G. (2005). Maternal Ratings of Temperamental Characteristics of Healthy Premature Infants are Indistinguishable from Those of Full-Term Infants. Croatian Medical Journal, 46(1), 36-44.
Lau, R. & Morse, C.A. (2003). Stress experience of parents with premature infants in a special care nursery. Stress and Health, 19, 69-78.
Laucht, M., Esser, G. & Schmidt, M. (2001). Differential development of infants at risk for psychopathology: The moderating role of early maternal responsivity. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 43, 292-300.
Lutz, K.F., Burnson, A.H., Samuelson, A., Maleck, S. & Poehlmann, J. (2012). Parenting Stress, Social Support, and Mother-Child Interactions in Families of Multiple and Singleton Preterm Toddlers. Family Relations, 61(4), 642-656.
Matricardi, S., Agostino, R., Fedeli, C. & Montirosso, R. (2013). Mothers are not fathers: differences between parents in the reduction of stress levels after a parental intervention in a NICU. Acta Paediatrica, 102, 8-14.
Miceli, P., Goeke-Morey, M., Whitman, T., Kolberg, K.S., Miller-Loncar, C. & White, R.D. (2000). Brief Report: Birth Status, Medical Complications, and Social Environment: Individual Differences in Development of Preterm, Very Low Birth Weight Infants. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 25(5), 353-358.
Miles, M.S. & Holditch-Davis, D. (1997). Parenting the prematurely born child: pathways of influence. Seminars in Perinatology, 21(3), 254-266.
Monti, F., Agostini, F. & Neri, E. (2013). Il trauma della nascita pretermine e la sintomatologia ansiosa-depressiva materna. In: A., Sansavini, G., Faldella (a cura di). Lo sviluppo neuropsicologico dei bambini nati pretermine: percorsi evolutivi, metodi di valutazione e interventi, Milano: Franco Angeli, 137-146.
Monti, F., Fava, R. & Agostini, F. (2005). La ricerca: la nascita pretermine, ascoltare le lacrime della madre. In: G. Perricone, M.R. Morales (a cura di). Aladino e la sua lampada. Il servizio “Scuola in ospedale” una forma di tutela del minore. Roma: Armando Editore.
Negri, R. (2012). Il neonato in terapia intensiva. Un modello neuro psicanalitico di prevenzione. Milano: Raffaello Cortina Editore.
Newnham, C.A., Milgrom, J. & Skouteris, H. (2009). Effectiveness of a Modified Mother-Infant Transaction Program on Outcomes for Preterm Infants from 3 to 24 months of age. Infant Behavior and Development, 32(1), 17-26.
Niven, C., Wisznirwkski, C. & AlRoomi, L. (1993). Attachment (bonding) in mothers of pre-term babies. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 11(3), 175-185.
Olafsen, K.S., Kaaresen, P.I., Handegard, B.H., Ulvund, S.E., Dahl, L.B. & Ronning, J.A. (2008). Maternal ratings of infant regulatory competence from 6 to 12 months: Influence of perceived stress, birth-weight, and intervention. A randomized controlled trial. Infant Behaviour and Development, 31, 408-421.
Perricone, G. & Morales, M.R. (2011a). The temperament of preterm infant in preschool age. Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 37(4), 1-7.
Perricone, G. & Morales, M.R. (2011b). Prerequisiti e indicatori di difficoltà di apprendimento in bambini moderatamente pretermine di età prescolare. Ricerche Di Psicoterapia, 1.
Perricone, G., Scimeca, G.P. & Maugeri, R. (2004). La nascita prematura nell’ottica del to care. Età Evolutiva, 78, 85-92.
Pierrehumbert, B., Nicole, A., Muller-Nix, C., Forcada-Guex, M. & Ansermet, F. (2003). Parental post-traumatic reactions after premature birth: implications for sleeping and eating problems in the infant. Archives of Disease Child Fetal & Neonatal Edition, 88, 400404.
Sansavini, A. & Guarini, A. (2013). Lo sviluppo comunicativo-linguistico e cognitivo dei nati pretermine. In A. Sansavini, G. Faldella, (a cura di). Lo sviluppo dei bambini nati pretermine. Aspetti neuropsicologici, metodi di valutazione e interventi. Milano: Franco Angeli.
Shaw, R.J., Bernard, R.S., DeBlois, T., Ikuta, L.M., Ginzburg, K. & Koopman, C. (2009). The relationship Between Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Psychosomatics, 50(2), 131-137.
Sheinkopf, S., Lester, B., LaGasse, L., Seifer, R., Bauer, C.R., Shankaran, S., Bada, H.S., Poole, W.K. & Wright, L.L. (2006). Interaction Between Maternal Characteristics and Neonatal Behavior in the Prediction of Parenting Stress and Perception of Infant Temperament. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 31(1), 27-40.
Singer, L.T., Fulton, S., Davillier, M., Koshy, D., Salvator, A. & Baley, J.E. (2003). Effects of infant risk status and maternal psychological distress on maternal-infant interactions during the first year of life. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 24, 233-241.
Singer, L.T., Salvator, A., Guo, S., Collin, M., Lilien, L. & Baley, J. (1999). Maternal Psychological distress after the birth of a very low-birth-weight infant. Journal of American Medicine Association, 281, 799-805.
Spielman, V. & Taubman-Ben-Ari, O. (2009). Parental Self-Efficacy and Stress-Related Growth in the Transition to Parenthood: A Comparison between Parents of Pre- and Full-Term Babies. Health & Social Work, 34(3), 201-212.
Tamaru, S., Kikuchi, A., Takagi, K., Wakamatsu, M., Ono, K., Horikoshi, T., Kihara, H. & Nakamura, T. (2011). Neurodevelopmental outcomes of very low birth weight and extremely low birth weight infants at 18 months of corrected age associated with prenatal risk factors. Early Human Development, 87, 55-59.
Tessier, R., Cristo, M.B., Velez, S., Giron, M., Nadeau, L., Figueroa de Calume, Z., Ruiz-Paláez, J. & Charpak, N. (2003). Kangaroo mother care: A method for protecting high-risk lowbirth-weight and premature infants against developmental delay. Infant Behavior and Development, 26, 304-397.
Treyvaud, K., Doyle, L.W., Lee, K.J., Roberts, G., Cheong, J.L.Y., Inder, T.E. & Anderson, P.J. (2011). Family functioning, burden and parenting stress 2 years after very preterm birth. Early Human Development, 87(6), 427-431.
Trombini, E., Surcinelli, P., Piccioni, A., Alessandroni, R. & Faldella, G. (2008). Environmental factors associated with stress in mothers of preterm newborns. Acta Paediatrica, 97, 894-898.
Tu, M.T., Grunau, R.E., Petrie-Thomas, J., Haley, D.W., Weinberg, J. & Whitfield, M.F. (2007).
Maternal Stress and Behavior Modulate Relationships between Neonatal Stress, Attention, and Basal Cortisol at 8 Months in Preterm Infants. Developmental Psychobiology, 49, 150-164.
Tully, L.A., Arsenault, L., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T.E. & Morgan, J. (2004). Does maternal warmth moderate the effects of birth weight on twins’ attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD) symptoms and low IQ? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 218-226.
Vanderbilt, D. & Gleason, M.M. (2011). Mental Health Concerns of the Premature Infant Through the Lifespan. Pediatric Clinical Nurse of American, 58, 815-832.
Vigod, S., Villegas, L., Dennis, C.L. & Ross, L. (2010). Prevalence and risk factors for postpartum depression among women with preterm and low-birth-weight infants: a systematic review. International Journal of Obstetrics and Ginaecology, 117, 540-550.
Voegtline, K.M., Stifter, C.A. & The Family Project Investigators (2010). Late-preterm birth, maternal symptomatology, and infant negativity. Infant Behavior and Development, 33, 545-554.
Walther, F.J., den Ouden, A.L. & Verloove-Vanhorick, S.P. (2000). Looking back in time: outcome of a national cohort of very preterm infants born in The Netherlands in 1983. Early Human Development, 59(3), 175-191.
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Zelkowitz, P., Papageorgiou, A., Bardin, C. & Wang, T. (2009). Persistent maternal anxiety affects the interaction between mothers and their very low birth weight children at 24 months. Early Human Development, 85, 51-58.
Axia, G. (2002). QUIT: Questionari italiani del Temperamento. Trento: Erickson.
Beck, S., Wojdyla, D., Say, L., Betran, A.P., Merialdi, M., Requejo, J.H., Rubens, C., Menon, R.
& Van Look, P.F.A. (2010). The worldwide incidence of preterm birth: a systematic
review of maternal mortality and morbidity. Bullettin World Health Organization, 88, 31-38.
Bhutta, A., Cleves, M.A., Casey, P.H., Cradock, M.M. & Anand, K.J.S. (2002). Cognitive and Behavioral Outcomes of School-Aged Children Who Were Born Preterm. Journal of American Medical Association, 288(6), 728-737.
Brazelton, T.B. & Greenspan, S.I. (2001). I bisogni irrinunciabili dei bambini. Milano: Raffaello Cortina Editore.
Brooten, D., Gennaro, S., Brown, L.P. & Butts, P. (1988). Anxiety, depression, and hostility in mothers of preterm infants. Nursing Research, 37, 213-216.
Brummelte, S., Grunau, R.E., Synnes, A.R., Whitfield, M.F. & Petrie-Thomas, J. (2011). Declining cognitive development from 8 to 18 months in preterm children predicts persisting higher parenting stress. Early Human Development, 87(4), 273-280.
Carter, J.D., Mulder, R.T., Bartram, A.F. & Darlow, B.A. (2005). Infants in a neonatal intensive care unit: parental response. Archives of Disease in Child Fetal and Neonatal Edition, 90, 109-113.
Claas, M.J., Bruinse, H.W., van der Heide-Jalving, M., Termote, J.U.M. & de Vries, S.L.S. (2010). Changes in survival and neonatal morbidity in infants with a birth weight of 750 gram or less. Neonatology, 98, 278-288.
Davis, L., Edwards, H., Mohay, H. & Wollin, J. (2003). The impact of very premature birth on the psychological health of mothers. Early Human Development, 73, 61-70.
DeMier, R.L., Htnan, M.T., Hatfield, R.F., Varner, M.W., Harris, H.B. & Manniello, R.L. (2000). A measurement model of perinatal stressors: Identifying risk for postnatal emotional distress in mothers of high-risk infants. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56(1), 89-100.
Dennis, T. (2006). Emotional self-regulation in preschoolers: The interplay of child approach reactivity, parenting, and control capacities. Developmental Psychology, 42, 84-97.
Giannì, M.L., Picciolini, O., Vegni, C., Gardon, L., Fumagalli, M. & Mosca, F. (2007). TwelveMonth Neurofunctional Assessment and Cognitive Performance at 36 Months of Age in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants. Pediatrics, 120(5), 1012-1019.
Gray, P.H., Edwards, D.M., O’Callaghan, M.J. & Cuskelly, M. (2012). Parenting stress in mothers of preterm infants during early infancy. Early Human Development, 88, 45-49.
Griffith, R. (1996). GMDS-R, Griffiths Mental Development Scales Revised 0-2 anni. Firenze: Giunti O.S. Edizione italiana a cura di F.M. Battaglia, M.Savoini.
Grunau, R.E., Whitfield, M.F., Petrie-Thomas, J., Synnes, A.R., Cepeda, I.L., Keidar, A., Rogers, M., MacKay, M., Hubber-Richard, P. & Johannesen, D. (2009). Neonatal pain, parenting stress and interaction, in relation to cognitive and motor development at 8 and 18 months in preterm infants. Pain, 143(1-2), 138-146.
Guarino, A., Di Blasio, P., D'Alessio, M., Camisasca, E. & Serantoni, G. (2007). PSI Parenting Stress Index - Forma breve - Per l'identificazione precoce di sistemi relazionali genitore-bambino stressanti. Firenze: Giunti OS.
Halpern, L.F., Brand, K.L. & Malone, A.F. (2001). Parenting Stress in Mothers of Very-LowBirth-Weight (VLBW) and Full-Term Infants: A function of Infant Behavioral Characteristics and Child-Rearing Attitudes. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 26, 93104.
Holditch-Davis, D.H., Miles, M.S., Weaver, M.A., Black, B., Beeber, L., Thoyre, S. & Engelke, S. (2009). Pattern of Distress in African American Mothers of Preterm Infants. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatric, 30(3), 193-205.
Hughes, M.B., Shults, J., McGrath, J. & Medoff-Cooper, B. (2002). Temperament Characteristics of Premature Infants in the First Year of Life. Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 23(6), 430-435.
Huhtala, M., Korja, R., Lehtonen, L., Haataja, L., Lapinleimu, H., Munck, P., Rautava, P., the PIPARI Study Group (2011). Parental psychological well-being and cognitive development of very low birth weight infants at 2 years. Acta Paediatrica, 100(12), 1555-1560.
Jackson, K., Ternestedt, B.M., Magnuson, A. & Schollin, J. (2007). Parental stress and toddler behaviour at age 18 months after pre-term birth. Acta Pediatrica, 96, 227-232.
Kerestes, G. (2005). Maternal Ratings of Temperamental Characteristics of Healthy Premature Infants are Indistinguishable from Those of Full-Term Infants. Croatian Medical Journal, 46(1), 36-44.
Lau, R. & Morse, C.A. (2003). Stress experience of parents with premature infants in a special care nursery. Stress and Health, 19, 69-78.
Laucht, M., Esser, G. & Schmidt, M. (2001). Differential development of infants at risk for psychopathology: The moderating role of early maternal responsivity. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 43, 292-300.
Lutz, K.F., Burnson, A.H., Samuelson, A., Maleck, S. & Poehlmann, J. (2012). Parenting Stress, Social Support, and Mother-Child Interactions in Families of Multiple and Singleton Preterm Toddlers. Family Relations, 61(4), 642-656.
Matricardi, S., Agostino, R., Fedeli, C. & Montirosso, R. (2013). Mothers are not fathers: differences between parents in the reduction of stress levels after a parental intervention in a NICU. Acta Paediatrica, 102, 8-14.
Miceli, P., Goeke-Morey, M., Whitman, T., Kolberg, K.S., Miller-Loncar, C. & White, R.D. (2000). Brief Report: Birth Status, Medical Complications, and Social Environment: Individual Differences in Development of Preterm, Very Low Birth Weight Infants. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 25(5), 353-358.
Miles, M.S. & Holditch-Davis, D. (1997). Parenting the prematurely born child: pathways of influence. Seminars in Perinatology, 21(3), 254-266.
Monti, F., Agostini, F. & Neri, E. (2013). Il trauma della nascita pretermine e la sintomatologia ansiosa-depressiva materna. In: A., Sansavini, G., Faldella (a cura di). Lo sviluppo neuropsicologico dei bambini nati pretermine: percorsi evolutivi, metodi di valutazione e interventi, Milano: Franco Angeli, 137-146.
Monti, F., Fava, R. & Agostini, F. (2005). La ricerca: la nascita pretermine, ascoltare le lacrime della madre. In: G. Perricone, M.R. Morales (a cura di). Aladino e la sua lampada. Il servizio “Scuola in ospedale” una forma di tutela del minore. Roma: Armando Editore.
Negri, R. (2012). Il neonato in terapia intensiva. Un modello neuro psicanalitico di prevenzione. Milano: Raffaello Cortina Editore.
Newnham, C.A., Milgrom, J. & Skouteris, H. (2009). Effectiveness of a Modified Mother-Infant Transaction Program on Outcomes for Preterm Infants from 3 to 24 months of age. Infant Behavior and Development, 32(1), 17-26.
Niven, C., Wisznirwkski, C. & AlRoomi, L. (1993). Attachment (bonding) in mothers of pre-term babies. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 11(3), 175-185.
Olafsen, K.S., Kaaresen, P.I., Handegard, B.H., Ulvund, S.E., Dahl, L.B. & Ronning, J.A. (2008). Maternal ratings of infant regulatory competence from 6 to 12 months: Influence of perceived stress, birth-weight, and intervention. A randomized controlled trial. Infant Behaviour and Development, 31, 408-421.
Perricone, G. & Morales, M.R. (2011a). The temperament of preterm infant in preschool age. Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 37(4), 1-7.
Perricone, G. & Morales, M.R. (2011b). Prerequisiti e indicatori di difficoltà di apprendimento in bambini moderatamente pretermine di età prescolare. Ricerche Di Psicoterapia, 1.
Perricone, G., Scimeca, G.P. & Maugeri, R. (2004). La nascita prematura nell’ottica del to care. Età Evolutiva, 78, 85-92.
Pierrehumbert, B., Nicole, A., Muller-Nix, C., Forcada-Guex, M. & Ansermet, F. (2003). Parental post-traumatic reactions after premature birth: implications for sleeping and eating problems in the infant. Archives of Disease Child Fetal & Neonatal Edition, 88, 400404.
Sansavini, A. & Guarini, A. (2013). Lo sviluppo comunicativo-linguistico e cognitivo dei nati pretermine. In A. Sansavini, G. Faldella, (a cura di). Lo sviluppo dei bambini nati pretermine. Aspetti neuropsicologici, metodi di valutazione e interventi. Milano: Franco Angeli.
Shaw, R.J., Bernard, R.S., DeBlois, T., Ikuta, L.M., Ginzburg, K. & Koopman, C. (2009). The relationship Between Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Psychosomatics, 50(2), 131-137.
Sheinkopf, S., Lester, B., LaGasse, L., Seifer, R., Bauer, C.R., Shankaran, S., Bada, H.S., Poole, W.K. & Wright, L.L. (2006). Interaction Between Maternal Characteristics and Neonatal Behavior in the Prediction of Parenting Stress and Perception of Infant Temperament. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 31(1), 27-40.
Singer, L.T., Fulton, S., Davillier, M., Koshy, D., Salvator, A. & Baley, J.E. (2003). Effects of infant risk status and maternal psychological distress on maternal-infant interactions during the first year of life. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 24, 233-241.
Singer, L.T., Salvator, A., Guo, S., Collin, M., Lilien, L. & Baley, J. (1999). Maternal Psychological distress after the birth of a very low-birth-weight infant. Journal of American Medicine Association, 281, 799-805.
Spielman, V. & Taubman-Ben-Ari, O. (2009). Parental Self-Efficacy and Stress-Related Growth in the Transition to Parenthood: A Comparison between Parents of Pre- and Full-Term Babies. Health & Social Work, 34(3), 201-212.
Tamaru, S., Kikuchi, A., Takagi, K., Wakamatsu, M., Ono, K., Horikoshi, T., Kihara, H. & Nakamura, T. (2011). Neurodevelopmental outcomes of very low birth weight and extremely low birth weight infants at 18 months of corrected age associated with prenatal risk factors. Early Human Development, 87, 55-59.
Tessier, R., Cristo, M.B., Velez, S., Giron, M., Nadeau, L., Figueroa de Calume, Z., Ruiz-Paláez, J. & Charpak, N. (2003). Kangaroo mother care: A method for protecting high-risk lowbirth-weight and premature infants against developmental delay. Infant Behavior and Development, 26, 304-397.
Treyvaud, K., Doyle, L.W., Lee, K.J., Roberts, G., Cheong, J.L.Y., Inder, T.E. & Anderson, P.J. (2011). Family functioning, burden and parenting stress 2 years after very preterm birth. Early Human Development, 87(6), 427-431.
Trombini, E., Surcinelli, P., Piccioni, A., Alessandroni, R. & Faldella, G. (2008). Environmental factors associated with stress in mothers of preterm newborns. Acta Paediatrica, 97, 894-898.
Tu, M.T., Grunau, R.E., Petrie-Thomas, J., Haley, D.W., Weinberg, J. & Whitfield, M.F. (2007).
Maternal Stress and Behavior Modulate Relationships between Neonatal Stress, Attention, and Basal Cortisol at 8 Months in Preterm Infants. Developmental Psychobiology, 49, 150-164.
Tully, L.A., Arsenault, L., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T.E. & Morgan, J. (2004). Does maternal warmth moderate the effects of birth weight on twins’ attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD) symptoms and low IQ? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 218-226.
Vanderbilt, D. & Gleason, M.M. (2011). Mental Health Concerns of the Premature Infant Through the Lifespan. Pediatric Clinical Nurse of American, 58, 815-832.
Vigod, S., Villegas, L., Dennis, C.L. & Ross, L. (2010). Prevalence and risk factors for postpartum depression among women with preterm and low-birth-weight infants: a systematic review. International Journal of Obstetrics and Ginaecology, 117, 540-550.
Voegtline, K.M., Stifter, C.A. & The Family Project Investigators (2010). Late-preterm birth, maternal symptomatology, and infant negativity. Infant Behavior and Development, 33, 545-554.
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