Resilience and subjective well-being by gender and education level in adolescence
Resilience and subjective well-being by gender and education level in adolescence
Main Article Content
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the relationships between resilience and dimensions of subjective well-being (satisfaction with life, positive affect and negative affect). Participants were 1250 students of secondary education (M=13.72, SD=1.09) of whom 612 (49%) were male and 638 (50%) female. Three assessment instruments were administered: the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) of Connor & Davidson (2003), the Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener, Emmon, Larsen, & Grifin, 1995) and the AffectBalance Scale (Bradburn, 1969). The results indicated that resilient adolescents showed significantly higher scores in satisfaction with life and positive affect, and lower scores in negative affect. This pattern of results was the same for the total sample and for sex and educative level groups.
References
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Bird, J. M., y Markle, R. S. (2012). Subjective well-being in school environments: Promoting positive youth development through evidence-based assessment and intervention.American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 82(1),61-66. doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.2011.01127.x
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Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Campbell-Sills, L., Cohan, S. L., y Stein, M. B. (2006). Relationship of resilience to personality, coping, and psychiatric symptoms in young adults. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(4), 585-599. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.05.001
Campbell, A., Converse, P. E., y y Rodgers, W. L. (1976). The quality of American life: Perceptions, evaluations, and satisfactions. New York, NY US: Russell Sage Foundation.
Casas, F. (2011). Subjective social indicators and child and adolescent well-being. Child Indicators Research, 4(4), 555-575. doi:10.1007/s12187-010-9093-z
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences (2.a ed.). New York: Academic Press.
Connor, K. M., y Davidson, J. T. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The ConnorDavidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18(2), 76-82. doi:10.1002/da.10113
Cunningham, M., y Swanson, D.P. (2010). Educational resilience in African American adolescents. The Journal of Negro Education, 79(4), 473-487.
Diener, E. (1994). Assessing subjective well-being: Progress and opportunities. Social Indicators Research, 31(2), 103-157.
Diener, E., Emmons, R., Larsen, R.J., y Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction With Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71-75.
Eryilmaz, A. (2012). A model for subjective well-being in adolescence: Need satisfaction and reasons for living. Social Indicators Research, 107(3), 561-574. doi:10.1007/s11205011-9863-0
Esquivel, G., Doll, B., y Oades-Sese, G. (2011). Introduction to the especial issue: resilience in schools. Psychology in the Schools, 48(7), 649-651. doi:10.1002/pits.20585.
Fergus, S., y Zimmerman, M. A. (2005). Adolescent resilience: A framework for understanding healthy development in the face of risk. Annual Review of Public Health, 26, 399-419. doi:10.1146/annurev.pubhealth.26.021304.144357
Fletcher, D., y Sarkar, M. (2013). Psychological resilience: A review and critique of definitions, concepts, and theory. European Psychologist, 18(1), 12-23. doi:10.1027/10169040/a000124
Fuentes, M., García, F., Gracia, E., y Alarcón, A. (2015). Los estilos parentales de socialización y el ajuste psicológico. Un estudio con adolescentes españoles. Revista de Psicodidáctica, 20(1). doi: 10.1387/RevPsicodidact.10876
Goldbeck, L., Schmitz, T. G., Besier, T., Herschbach, P., y Henrich, G. (2007). Life satisfaction decreases during adolescence. Quality of life research: An international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation, 16(6), 969-979. doi:10.1007/s11136-007-9205-5
Jordan, J. V. (2013). Relational resilience in girls. En S. Goldstein, R. B. Brooks, S. Goldstein y R.
B. Brooks (Eds.), Handbook of resilience in children (pp. 73-86). New York, NY, US: Springer Science + Business Media. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3661-4_5
Klohnen, E. C. (1996). Conceptual analysis and measurement of the construct of ego-resiliency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(5), 1067-1079. doi:10.1037/0022- 3514.70.5.1067
Klohnen, E. C., Vandewater, E. A., y Young, A. (1996). Negotiating the middle years: Egoresiliency and successful midlife adjustment in women. Psychology and Aging, 11(3), 431-442. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.11.3.431
Lerner, R. M., Bowers, E. P., Geldhof, G. J., Gestsdóttir, S., y DeSouza, L. (2012). Promoting positive youth development in the face of contextual changes and challenges: The roles of individual strengths and ecological assets. New directions for youth development, 2012(135), 119-128. doi: 10.1002/yd.20034
Limonero, J. T., Tomás-Sábado, J., Fernández-Castro, J., Gómez-Romero, M., y Ardilla-Herrero, A. (2012). Estrategias de afrontamiento resilientes y regulación emocional: Predictores de satisfacción con la vida. Behavioral Psychology, 20(1), 183-196
Lippman, L. H., Anderson Moore, K., Guzman, L., Ryberg, R., McIntosh, H., Ramos, M. F., y Kuhfeld, M. (2014). Flourishing children: Defining and testing indicators of positive development. New York, NY, US: Springer Science + Business Media. doi:10.1007/97894-017-8607-2
Liu, Y., Wang, Z., y Li, Z. (2012). Affective mediators of the influence of neuroticism and resilience on life satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(7), 833-838. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.01.017
Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., y Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71(3), 543-562. doi:10.1111/14678624.00164
Luthar, S. S., Lyman, E. L., y Crossman, E. J. (2014). Resilience and positive psychology. Handbook of Developmental Psychopathology (pp. 125-140). Springer US.
Madariaga, J. M., y Goñi, A. (2009). El desarrollo psicosocial. Revista de Psicodidáctica, 14(1), 93-118.
Mahatmya, D., Lohman, B. J., Matjasko, J. L., y Farb, A. (2012). Engagement across developmental periods. En S. L. Christenson, A. L. Reschly y C. Wylie (Eds.), Handbook of research on student engagement (pp. 45-63). New York, NY US: Springer Science + Business Media. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-2018-7_3
Mak, W. S., Ng, I. W., y Wong, C. Y. (2011). Resilience: Enhancing well-being through the positive cognitive triad. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58(4), 610-617. doi:10.1037/a0025195
Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56(3), 227-238. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.227
Masten, A. S. (2007). Competence, resilience, and development in adolescence: Clues for prevention science. En D. Romer y E. F. Walker (Eds.), Adolescent psychopathology and the developing brain: Integrating brain and prevention science (pp. 31-52). New York, NY US: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195306255.003.0002
Masten, A. S. (2014). Invited commentary: Resilience and positive youth development frameworks in developmental science. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43(6), 10181024. doi:10.1007/s10964-014-0118-7
Masten, A. S., Burt, K. B., y Coatsworth, J. (2006). Competence and psychopathology in development. En D. Cicchetti y D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology, Vol 3: Risk, disorder, and adaptation (pp. 696-738). Hoboken, NJ US: John Wiley and Sons Inc.
Oliva, A., Jiménez-Morago, J., Parra, A., y Sánchez-Queija, I. (2008). Acontecimientos vitales estresantes, resiliencia y ajuste adolescente. Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica, 13 (1), 53-62.
Oliva, A., Ríos, M., Antolín, L., Parra, Á., Hernando, Á., y Pertegal, M. (2010). Más allá del déficit: Construyendo un modelo de desarrollo positivo adolescente. Infancia y Aprendizaje, 33(2), 223-234. doi:10.1174/021037010791114562
Pavot, W., y Diener, E. (2013). Happiness experienced: The science of subjective well-being. En S. A. David, I. Boniwell y A. Conley Ayers (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of happiness (pp. 134-151). New York, NY US: Oxford University Press.
Prince-Embury, S., y Saklofske, D. H. (2014). Resilience interventions for youth in diverse populations. New York, NY, US: Springer Science + Business Media. doi:10.1007/9781- 4939-0542-3
Rodríguez-Fernández, A., y Goñi, A. (2011). La estructura tridimensional del bienestar subjetivo. Anales de Psicología, 27(2), 327-332.
Rutter, M. (2007). Resilience, competence, and coping. Child Abuse and Neglect, 31(3), 205-209. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.02.001
Schoon, I. (2006). Risk and resilience: Adaptations in changing times. New York, NY US: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511490132
Smith, B. W., Tooley, E. M., Christopher, P. J., y Kay, V. S. (2010). Resilience as the ability to bounce back from stress: A neglected personal resource?. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 5(3), 166-176. doi:10.1080/17439760.2010.482186
Suldo, S. M., Huebner, E. S., Savage, J., y Thalji, A. (2011). Promoting subjective well-being. En M. A. Bray, T. J. Kehle, M. A. Bray y T. J. Kehle (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of school psychology (pp. 504-522). New York, NY, US: Oxford University Press.
Sun, S., Pan, W., y Wang, L. (2010). A comprehensive review of effect size reporting and interpreting practices in academic journals in education and psychology. Journal of
Educational Psychology, 102(4), 989-1004. doi:10.1037/a0019507
Tian, L., Wang, D., y Huebner, E. S. (2015). Development and validation of the Brief
Adolescents’ Subjective Well-Being in School Scale (BASWBSS). Social Indicators Research, 120(2), 615-634. doi:10.1007/s11205-014-0603-0
Tiefenbach, T., y Kohlbacher, F. (2014). Subjective well-being across gender and age in Japan: An econometric analysis. En E. Eckermann y E. Eckermann (Eds.), Gender, lifespan and quality of life: An international perspective (pp. 183-201). New York, NY, US: Springer Science + Business Media. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7829-0_12
Tomyn, A. J., y Cummins, R. A. (2011). The subjective wellbeing of high-school students: Validating the Personal Wellbeing Index-School Children. Social Indicators Research, 101(3), 405-418. doi:10.1007/s11205-010-9668-6
Tugade, M. M., y Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(2), 320-333. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.320?
Uriarte-Arciniega, J. D. D. (2014). Resiliencia y Envejecimiento. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 4(2).
Yu, X., y Zhang, J. (2007). Factor analysis and psychometric evaluation of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) with Chinese people. Social Behavior and Personality, 35(1), 19-30. doi:10.2224/sbp.2007.35.1.19
Benetti, C. y Kambouropoulos, N. (2006). Affect-regulated indirect effects of trait anxiety and trait resilience on self-esteem. Personality and Individual Differences, 41, 341-352. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.01.015
Bird, J. M., y Markle, R. S. (2012). Subjective well-being in school environments: Promoting positive youth development through evidence-based assessment and intervention.American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 82(1),61-66. doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.2011.01127.x
Bradburn, N. (1969). The strucuture of psychological well-being. Chicago: Aldine.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Campbell-Sills, L., Cohan, S. L., y Stein, M. B. (2006). Relationship of resilience to personality, coping, and psychiatric symptoms in young adults. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(4), 585-599. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.05.001
Campbell, A., Converse, P. E., y y Rodgers, W. L. (1976). The quality of American life: Perceptions, evaluations, and satisfactions. New York, NY US: Russell Sage Foundation.
Casas, F. (2011). Subjective social indicators and child and adolescent well-being. Child Indicators Research, 4(4), 555-575. doi:10.1007/s12187-010-9093-z
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences (2.a ed.). New York: Academic Press.
Connor, K. M., y Davidson, J. T. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The ConnorDavidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18(2), 76-82. doi:10.1002/da.10113
Cunningham, M., y Swanson, D.P. (2010). Educational resilience in African American adolescents. The Journal of Negro Education, 79(4), 473-487.
Diener, E. (1994). Assessing subjective well-being: Progress and opportunities. Social Indicators Research, 31(2), 103-157.
Diener, E., Emmons, R., Larsen, R.J., y Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction With Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71-75.
Eryilmaz, A. (2012). A model for subjective well-being in adolescence: Need satisfaction and reasons for living. Social Indicators Research, 107(3), 561-574. doi:10.1007/s11205011-9863-0
Esquivel, G., Doll, B., y Oades-Sese, G. (2011). Introduction to the especial issue: resilience in schools. Psychology in the Schools, 48(7), 649-651. doi:10.1002/pits.20585.
Fergus, S., y Zimmerman, M. A. (2005). Adolescent resilience: A framework for understanding healthy development in the face of risk. Annual Review of Public Health, 26, 399-419. doi:10.1146/annurev.pubhealth.26.021304.144357
Fletcher, D., y Sarkar, M. (2013). Psychological resilience: A review and critique of definitions, concepts, and theory. European Psychologist, 18(1), 12-23. doi:10.1027/10169040/a000124
Fuentes, M., García, F., Gracia, E., y Alarcón, A. (2015). Los estilos parentales de socialización y el ajuste psicológico. Un estudio con adolescentes españoles. Revista de Psicodidáctica, 20(1). doi: 10.1387/RevPsicodidact.10876
Goldbeck, L., Schmitz, T. G., Besier, T., Herschbach, P., y Henrich, G. (2007). Life satisfaction decreases during adolescence. Quality of life research: An international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation, 16(6), 969-979. doi:10.1007/s11136-007-9205-5
Jordan, J. V. (2013). Relational resilience in girls. En S. Goldstein, R. B. Brooks, S. Goldstein y R.
B. Brooks (Eds.), Handbook of resilience in children (pp. 73-86). New York, NY, US: Springer Science + Business Media. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3661-4_5
Klohnen, E. C. (1996). Conceptual analysis and measurement of the construct of ego-resiliency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(5), 1067-1079. doi:10.1037/0022- 3514.70.5.1067
Klohnen, E. C., Vandewater, E. A., y Young, A. (1996). Negotiating the middle years: Egoresiliency and successful midlife adjustment in women. Psychology and Aging, 11(3), 431-442. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.11.3.431
Lerner, R. M., Bowers, E. P., Geldhof, G. J., Gestsdóttir, S., y DeSouza, L. (2012). Promoting positive youth development in the face of contextual changes and challenges: The roles of individual strengths and ecological assets. New directions for youth development, 2012(135), 119-128. doi: 10.1002/yd.20034
Limonero, J. T., Tomás-Sábado, J., Fernández-Castro, J., Gómez-Romero, M., y Ardilla-Herrero, A. (2012). Estrategias de afrontamiento resilientes y regulación emocional: Predictores de satisfacción con la vida. Behavioral Psychology, 20(1), 183-196
Lippman, L. H., Anderson Moore, K., Guzman, L., Ryberg, R., McIntosh, H., Ramos, M. F., y Kuhfeld, M. (2014). Flourishing children: Defining and testing indicators of positive development. New York, NY, US: Springer Science + Business Media. doi:10.1007/97894-017-8607-2
Liu, Y., Wang, Z., y Li, Z. (2012). Affective mediators of the influence of neuroticism and resilience on life satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(7), 833-838. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.01.017
Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., y Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71(3), 543-562. doi:10.1111/14678624.00164
Luthar, S. S., Lyman, E. L., y Crossman, E. J. (2014). Resilience and positive psychology. Handbook of Developmental Psychopathology (pp. 125-140). Springer US.
Madariaga, J. M., y Goñi, A. (2009). El desarrollo psicosocial. Revista de Psicodidáctica, 14(1), 93-118.
Mahatmya, D., Lohman, B. J., Matjasko, J. L., y Farb, A. (2012). Engagement across developmental periods. En S. L. Christenson, A. L. Reschly y C. Wylie (Eds.), Handbook of research on student engagement (pp. 45-63). New York, NY US: Springer Science + Business Media. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-2018-7_3
Mak, W. S., Ng, I. W., y Wong, C. Y. (2011). Resilience: Enhancing well-being through the positive cognitive triad. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58(4), 610-617. doi:10.1037/a0025195
Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56(3), 227-238. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.227
Masten, A. S. (2007). Competence, resilience, and development in adolescence: Clues for prevention science. En D. Romer y E. F. Walker (Eds.), Adolescent psychopathology and the developing brain: Integrating brain and prevention science (pp. 31-52). New York, NY US: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195306255.003.0002
Masten, A. S. (2014). Invited commentary: Resilience and positive youth development frameworks in developmental science. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43(6), 10181024. doi:10.1007/s10964-014-0118-7
Masten, A. S., Burt, K. B., y Coatsworth, J. (2006). Competence and psychopathology in development. En D. Cicchetti y D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology, Vol 3: Risk, disorder, and adaptation (pp. 696-738). Hoboken, NJ US: John Wiley and Sons Inc.
Oliva, A., Jiménez-Morago, J., Parra, A., y Sánchez-Queija, I. (2008). Acontecimientos vitales estresantes, resiliencia y ajuste adolescente. Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica, 13 (1), 53-62.
Oliva, A., Ríos, M., Antolín, L., Parra, Á., Hernando, Á., y Pertegal, M. (2010). Más allá del déficit: Construyendo un modelo de desarrollo positivo adolescente. Infancia y Aprendizaje, 33(2), 223-234. doi:10.1174/021037010791114562
Pavot, W., y Diener, E. (2013). Happiness experienced: The science of subjective well-being. En S. A. David, I. Boniwell y A. Conley Ayers (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of happiness (pp. 134-151). New York, NY US: Oxford University Press.
Prince-Embury, S., y Saklofske, D. H. (2014). Resilience interventions for youth in diverse populations. New York, NY, US: Springer Science + Business Media. doi:10.1007/9781- 4939-0542-3
Rodríguez-Fernández, A., y Goñi, A. (2011). La estructura tridimensional del bienestar subjetivo. Anales de Psicología, 27(2), 327-332.
Rutter, M. (2007). Resilience, competence, and coping. Child Abuse and Neglect, 31(3), 205-209. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.02.001
Schoon, I. (2006). Risk and resilience: Adaptations in changing times. New York, NY US: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511490132
Smith, B. W., Tooley, E. M., Christopher, P. J., y Kay, V. S. (2010). Resilience as the ability to bounce back from stress: A neglected personal resource?. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 5(3), 166-176. doi:10.1080/17439760.2010.482186
Suldo, S. M., Huebner, E. S., Savage, J., y Thalji, A. (2011). Promoting subjective well-being. En M. A. Bray, T. J. Kehle, M. A. Bray y T. J. Kehle (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of school psychology (pp. 504-522). New York, NY, US: Oxford University Press.
Sun, S., Pan, W., y Wang, L. (2010). A comprehensive review of effect size reporting and interpreting practices in academic journals in education and psychology. Journal of
Educational Psychology, 102(4), 989-1004. doi:10.1037/a0019507
Tian, L., Wang, D., y Huebner, E. S. (2015). Development and validation of the Brief
Adolescents’ Subjective Well-Being in School Scale (BASWBSS). Social Indicators Research, 120(2), 615-634. doi:10.1007/s11205-014-0603-0
Tiefenbach, T., y Kohlbacher, F. (2014). Subjective well-being across gender and age in Japan: An econometric analysis. En E. Eckermann y E. Eckermann (Eds.), Gender, lifespan and quality of life: An international perspective (pp. 183-201). New York, NY, US: Springer Science + Business Media. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7829-0_12
Tomyn, A. J., y Cummins, R. A. (2011). The subjective wellbeing of high-school students: Validating the Personal Wellbeing Index-School Children. Social Indicators Research, 101(3), 405-418. doi:10.1007/s11205-010-9668-6
Tugade, M. M., y Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(2), 320-333. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.320?
Uriarte-Arciniega, J. D. D. (2014). Resiliencia y Envejecimiento. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 4(2).
Yu, X., y Zhang, J. (2007). Factor analysis and psychometric evaluation of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) with Chinese people. Social Behavior and Personality, 35(1), 19-30. doi:10.2224/sbp.2007.35.1.19