Promueve la parentalidad el crecimiento psicológico? Investigación de las diferencias en los rasgos de los 'Big Five' y la personalidad autotélica en la adultez
Barra lateral del artículo
Detalles del artículo
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
La publicación se distribuye bajo la licencia Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-Non Derivatives 4.0 International ( CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). Los derechos de los trabajos publicados en esta revista son propiedad del autor, los cuales son libres de distribuir y difundir las mismas, siempre que cite correctamente la fuente, no se generen obras derivadas y estos actos no tengan fines comerciales.
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
La parentalidad y el desarrollo de la personalidad se analizan cada vez más dentro del modelo de los Cinco Grandes y los constructos asociados al flow. Este estudio transversal examinó si la parentalidad se asocia con diferencias en los rasgos de personalidad Big Five y en la personalidad autotélica en la adultez, así como el papel del género y factores sociodemográficos. Se recopilaron datos de 708 adultos (77,1% mujeres) mediante el Ten-Item Personality Inventory y el Autotelic Personality Questionnaire. Los progenitores (n=330) presentaron niveles significativamente más altos de extraversión, responsabilidad y estabilidad emocional en comparación con los no progenitores (n=378), junto con mayores niveles de rasgos autotélicos, incluyendo persistencia, motivación intrínseca, bajo egocentrismo y control atencional. Los análisis intragrupales mostraron que la educación, el empleo y el nivel socioeconómico se asociaron positivamente con perfiles de personalidad más adaptativos, mientras que las diferencias de género variaron según el estatus parental. Los progenitores con mayor educación, empleo o más hijos evidenciaron mayores indicadores de autorregulación y resiliencia. Entre los no progenitores, el empleo y la educación se vincularon con mayor estabilidad emocional y control atencional. Estos hallazgos sugieren que la parentalidad se asocia con el desarrollo de rasgos adaptativos y recursos psicológicos, apoyando su papel como contexto de maduración de la personalidad adulta, aunque las inferencias causales están limitadas por el diseño transversal
Citas
Abma, J. C., & Martinez, G. M. (2006). Childlessness among older women in the United States: Trends and profiles. Journal of Marriage and Family, 68(4), 1045-1056. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2006.00312.x
Achtergarde, S., Postert, C., Wessing, I., Romer, G., & Müller, J. M. (2015). Parenting and child mental health: Influences of parent personality, child temperament, and their interaction. The Family Journal, 23(2), 167-179. https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480714564316
Anusic, I., & Schimmack, U. (2016). Stability and change of personality traits, self-esteem, and well-being: Introducing the meta-analytic stability and change model of retest correlations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 110(5), 766. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000066.supp
Avison, M., & Furnham, A.(2015). Personality and voluntary childlessness. Journal Pop Research 32, 45–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12546-014-9140-6
Baumann, N. (2021). Autotelic personality. In Engeser, S. (Ed), Advances in flow research, (pp. 165 – 186), Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53468-4_9
Bazana, P. G., Stelmack, R. M., & Stelmack, R. M. (2004). Stability of personality across the life span: A meta-analysis. On the psychobiology of personality: Essays in honor of Marvin Zuckerman, 113-144.
Bergner, R. M. (2020). What is personality? Two myths and a definition. New Ideas in Psychology, 57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.newideapsych.2019.100759
Bleidorn, W., Hopwood, C. J., & Lucas, R. E. (2018). Life events and personality trait change. Journal of personality, 86(1), 83-96. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12286
Bleidorn, W., Hopwood, C. J., Back, M. D., Denissen, J. J., Hennecke, M., Hill, P. L., & Zimmermann, J. (2021). Personality trait stability and change. Personality Science, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.5964/ps.6009
Bleidorn, W. (2024). Toward a theory of lifespan personality trait development. Annual Review of Developmental Psychology, 6. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-devpsych-010923-101709
Bradley, R. H., & Corwyn, R. F. (2002). Socioeconomic status and child development. Annual review of psychology, 53(2002), 371-399.
Busch, H., Hofer, J., Chasiotis, A., & Campos, D. (2013). The achievement flow motive as an element of the autotelic personality: Predicting educational attainment in three cultures. European journal of psychology of education, 28, 239-254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10212-012-0112-y
Caspi, A., Roberts, B. W., & Shiner, R. L. (2005). Personality development: Stability and change. Annu. Rev. Psychol., 56, 453-484. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141913
Csikszentmihalyi, M., & LeFevre, J. (1989). Optimal experience in work and leisure. Journal of personality and social psychology, 56(5), 815.
Csikszentmihalyi, M., Abuhamdeh, S., Nakamura, J. (2014). Flow. In: Flow and the Foundations of Positive Psychology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9088-8_15
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The" what" and" why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological inquiry, 11(4), 227-268. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01
Engeser, S., & Rheinberg, F. (2008). Flow, performance and moderators of challenge-skill balance. Motivation and emotion, 32, 158-172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-008-9102-4
Evans, G. W., & Fuller‐Rowell, T. E. (2013). Childhood poverty, chronic stress, and young adult working memory: The protective role of self‐regulatory capacity. Developmental science, 16(5), 688-696. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12082
Ferguson, C. J. (2010). A meta-analysis of normal and disordered personality across the life span. Journal of personality and social psychology, 98(4), 659. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018770
Ferreira M.; Costa, M.; Fonte, C.; Cabral, Joana. (2022). Propriedades psicométricas do Questionário de Personalidade Autotélica: Versão Portuguesa. Paper presented in 5º Congresso Ordem dos Psicólogos Portugueses, Aveiro, Portugal
Galdiolo, S., & Roskam, I. (2019). Personality traits and attachment orientations: longitudinal associations around the event of childbirth. Journal of Adult Development, 26, 275-285. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-018-9322-0
Göllner, R., Roberts, B. W., Damian, R. I., Lüdtke, O., Jonkmann, K., & Trautwein, U. (2017). Whose “storm and stress” is it? Parent and child reports of personality development in the transition to early adolescence. Journal of personality, 85(3), 376-387. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12246
Gosling, S. D., Rentfrow, P. J., & Swann Jr, W. B. (2003). A very brief measure of the Big-Five personality domains. Journal of Research in personality, 37(6), 504-528. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-6566(03)00046-1
Hopwood, C. J., & Bleidorn, W. (2018). Stability and change in personality and personality disorders. Current Opinion in Psychology, 21, 6-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.08.034
Ishizuka, P. (2019). Social class, gender, and contemporary parenting standards in the United States: Evidence from a national survey experiment. Social Forces, 98(1), 31-58. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soy107
Keller, J., & Bless, H. (2008). Flow and regulatory compatibility: An experimental approach to the flow model of intrinsic motivation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 196-209. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167207310026
Keller, J., & Blomann, F. (2008). Locus of control and the flow experience: An experimental analysis. European Journal of Personality, 22, 589-607. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.692
Kuzikova, S., Zlivkov, V., & Lukomska, S. (2018). Contemporary integrative interpersonal theory of personality: key concepts. Психологія особистості, 9(1), 11-16. https://doi.org/10.15330/ps.9.1.11-16
Łada-Maśko, A. B., & Kaźmierczak, M. (2021). Measuring and predicting maturity to parenthood: What has personality got to do with it?. Journal of clinical medicine, 10(24), 5802. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10245802
Le, K., Donnellan, M. B., Spilman, S. K., Garcia, O. P., & Conger, R. (2014). Workers behaving badly: Associations between adolescent reports of the Big Five and counterproductive work behaviors in adulthood. Personality and Individual Differences, 61, 7-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.12.016
Lehnart, J., Neyer, F. J., & Eccles, J. (2010). Long‐term effects of social investment: The case of partnering in young adulthood. Journal of personality, 78(2), 639-670. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00629.x
Leikas, S., & Salmela‐Aro, K. (2015). Personality trait changes among young Finns: The role of life events and transitions. Journal of Personality, 83(1), 117-126. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12088
Leikas, S., Lahti-Pulkkinen, M., & Räikkönen, K. (2023). Facet-level changes in mothers’ neuroticism and extraversion from early pregnancy to 6 months post-partum. European Journal of Personality, 37(4), 435-452. https://doi.org/10.1177/08902070221098908
Lynch, J. M., & Troy, A. S. (2021). The role of nonduality in the relationship between flow states and well-being. Mindfulness, 12(7), 1639-1652. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-021-01627-3
Maliszewska, K., Świątkowska-Freund, M., Bidzan, M., & Preis, K. (2018). Screening for maternal postpartum depression and associations with personality traits and social support. A Polish follow-up study 4 weeks and 3 months after delivery. Psychiatria polska, 52(5). https://doi.org/10.12740/PP/68628
Martins, C. (2011). Manual de análise de dados quantitativos com recurso ao IBM SPSS: Saber decidir, fazer, interpretar e redigir. Psiquilibrios Edições.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1997). Personality trait structure as a human universal. American psychologist, 52(5), 509.
McCrae, R.R., & Costa, P.T. (2008). Empirical and theoretical status of the Five-Factor Model of personality traits, pp. 273–294. In Boyle, G., Matthews, G. & Saklofske, D.H. (Eds). Handbook of Personality Theory and Assessment. Thousand Oaks.
Minkin, R., Horowitz, J. M., & Aragão, C. (2024). The Experiences of US Adults Who Don’t Have Children. https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2024/07/25/reasons-adults-give-for-not-having-children/
Moosavian, S. A. Z. N. (2021). Identifying the effect of parenthood on labor force participation: A gender comparison. Journal of Economics and Political Economy 8(3), p.207-238. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2209.02743
Mroczek, D. K., & Spiro III, A. (2003). Modeling intraindividual change in personality traits: Findings from the Normative Aging Study. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 58(3), P153-P165. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/58.3.P153
Nakamura, J., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2002). The concept of flow. Handbook of positive psychology, 89-105. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9088-8_16
Nakamura, J., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2014). The Concept of Flow. In: Flow and the Foundations of Positive Psychology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9088-8_16
Neuberger, F. S., & Preisner, K. (2018). Parenthood and quality of life in old age: the role of individual resources, the welfare state and the economy. Social Indicators Research, 138, 353-372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-017-1665-6
Nunes, A., Limpo, T., Lima, C. F., & Castro, S. L. (2018). Short scales for the assessment of personality traits: Development and validation of the Portuguese Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI). Frontiers in psychology, 9, 461. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00461
OCDE (2025). Why parenting matters for children in the 21st century. https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/why-parenting-matters-for-children-in-the-21st-century_129a1a59-en.html
Paul, K. I., & Moser, K. (2009). Unemployment impairs mental health: Meta-analyses. Journal of Vocational behavior, 74(3), 264-282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2009.01.001
Parker, K., & Wang, W. (2013). Modern parenthood. Pew Research Center’s Social & Demographic Trends Project, 14, 1-66.
Peifer, C., Wolters, G., Harmat, L., Heutte, J., Tan, J., Freire, T., Tavares, D.; Fonte, C.; Andersen, F.; van den Hout, J.; Simlesa, M.; Pola, L.; Ceja, L. & Triberti, S. (2022). A scoping review of flow research. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 815665. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.815665
Piotrowski, K., Bojanowska, A., Szczygieł, D., Mikolajczak, M., & Roskam, I. (2023). Parental burnout at different stages of parenthood: Links with temperament, Big Five traits, and parental identity. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1087977
Power, R. A., & Pluess, M. (2015). Heritability estimates of the Big Five personality traits based on common genetic variants. Translational psychiatry, 5(7). https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2015.96
Prinzie P., Stams G. J. J. M., Dekovic M., Reijntjes A. H. A., Belsky J. (2009). The relations between parents’ big five personality factors and parenting: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 351–362. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015823
Rantanen, J., Metsäpelto, R. L., Feldt, T., Pulkkinen, L. E. A., & Kokko, K. (2007). Long‐term stability in the Big Five personality traits in adulthood. Scandinavian journal of psychology, 48(6), 511-518. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2007.00609.x
Roberts, B. W., Kuncel, N. R., Shiner, R., Caspi, A., & Goldberg, L. R. (2007). The power of personality: The comparative validity of personality traits, socioeconomic status, and cognitive ability for predicting important life outcomes. Perspectives on Psychological science, 2(4), 313-345. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00047.x
Roberts, B. W. (2009). Back to the future: Personality and assessment and personality development. Journal of research in personality, 43(2), 137-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2008.12.015
Roberts, B. W., Caspi, A., & Moffitt, T. E. (2003). Work experiences and personality development in young adulthood. Journal of personality and social psychology, 84(3), 582. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.3.582
Roberts B. W., Luo J., Briley D. A., Chow P. I., Su R., & Hill P. L. (2017). A systematic review of personality trait change through intervention. Psychological Bulletin, 143(2), 117–141. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/bul0000088
Roberts, B. W., Walton, K. E., & Viechtbauer, W. (2006). Patterns of mean-level change in personality traits across the life course: a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological bulletin, 132(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.132.1.1
Roberts B. W., Wood D. & Smith J. L. (2005). Evaluating Five Factor Theory and social investment perspectives on personality trait development. Journal of Research in Personality, 39, 166–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2004.08.002
Roberts, B. W., & Yoon, H., J. (2022). Personality Psychology. Annual Review of Psychology. 73: 489–516 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-020821-114927
Ross, S. R., & Keiser, H. N. (2014). Autotelic personality through a five-factor lens: Individual differences in flow-propensity. Personality and individual differences, 59, 3-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.09.029
Schüler, J. (2007). Arousal of flow experience in a learning setting and its effects on exam performance and affect. Zeitschrift für Pädagogische Psychologie, 21(3/4), 217-227. https://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1010-0652.21.3.217
Schwaba, T., & Bleidorn, W. (2018). Individual differences in personality change across the adult life span. Journal of personality, 86(3), 450-464. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12327
Scollon, C. N., & Diener, E. (2006). Love, work, and changes in extraversion and neuroticism over time. Journal of personality and social psychology, 91(6), 1152. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.91.6.1152
Soto, C.J. (2019). How replicable are links between personality traits and consequential life outcomes? The life outcomes of personality replication project. Psychol. Sci. 30(5):711–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797619831612
Tellegen, A. (1991). Personality traits: Issues of definition, evidence, and assessment. In D. Cicchetti & W. M. Grove (Eds.), Thinking clearly about psychology: Essays in honor of Paul E. Meehl, Vol. 1. Matters of public interest; Vol. 2. Personality and psychopathology (pp. 10–35). University of Minnesota Press.
Tse, D. C., Lau, V. W. Y., Perlman, R., & McLaughlin, M. (2020). The development and validation of the Autotelic Personality Questionnaire. Journal of personality assessment, 102(1), 88-101. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2018.1491855
Ulferts, H. (2020). Why parenting matters for children in the 21st century: An evidence-based framework for understanding parenting and its impact on child development. https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/129a1a59-en
Uysal, S. D., & Pohlmeier, W. (2011). Unemployment duration and personality. Journal of economic psychology, 32(6), 980-992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2011.03.008
van Wijk, D. C., de Valk, H. A., & Liefbroer, A. C. (2022). Economic precariousness and the transition to parenthood: A dynamic and multidimensional approach. European Journal of Population, 38(3), 457-483. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10680-022-09617-4
van Scheppingen, M. A., Jackson, J. J., Specht, J., Hutteman, R., Denissen, J. J., & Bleidorn, W. (2016). Personality trait development during the transition to parenthood: A test of social investment theory. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 7(5), 452-462. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550616630032
Waren, W., & Pals, H. (2013). Comparing characteristics of voluntarily childless men and women. Journal of Population research, 30, 151-170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12546-012-9103-8
Waszkiewicz, R., & Bogusz, H. (2023). The Impact of Parenthood on Labour Market Outcomes of Women and Men in Poland. arXiv preprint arXiv:2306.12924. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2306.12924
Weisberg, Y. J., DeYoung, C. G., & Hirsh, J. B. (2011). Gender differences in personality across the ten aspects of the Big Five. Frontiers in psychology, 2, 11757. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00178
Wiens, D., Theule, J., Keates, J., Ward, M., & Yaholkoski, A. (2023). Work–family balance and job satisfaction: An analysis of Canadian psychologist mothers. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne, 64(2), 154. https://doi.org/10.1037/cap0000321
Wille, B., Beyers, W., & De Fruyt, F. (2012). A transactional approach to person-environment fit: Reciprocal relations between personality development and career role growth across young to middle adulthood. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 81(3), 307-321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2012.06.004
Yao, S., Xu, M., & Sun, L. (2023). Five-factor personality dimensions mediated the relationship between parents’ parenting style differences and mental health among medical university students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(6), 4908. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20064908