Dignidad humana y agencia en la era algorítmica: fundamentos para un marco jurídico de regulación de la inteligencia artificial
Barra lateral del artículo
Detalles del artículo
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
La publicación se distribuye bajo la licencia Creative Commons Attribution-4.0 International (CC BY- 4.0). Los derechos de los trabajos publicados en esta revista son propiedad del autor y son libres de distribuir y difundir las mismas fuentes siempre que cite correctamente la fuente de publicación.
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
La proliferación de sistemas de inteligencia artificial cada vez más sofisticados ha generado una inflexión crítica en la comprensión jurídica de la relación entre humanidad y tecnología. En ese contexto, el presente artículo propone un marco filosófico jurídico que, desde una distinción ontológica radical entre el ser humano y los sistemas artificiales, identifica principios normativos destinados a regular su desarrollo sin comprometer la dignidad humana. A partir del realismo moderado, se sostiene que los sistemas artificiales, al carecer de unidad sustancial, interioridad consciente e intencionalidad genuina, no pueden ser considerados sujetos ontológicos equivalentes a las personas humanas. Tal separación impone límites normativos irrenunciables al diseño y uso de inteligencia artificial y exige una regulación que preserve esferas de agencia inalienable. Se concluye que la exclusividad del juicio moral humano, los límites a la delegación algorítmica y la subsidiariedad tecnológica deben orientar marcos regulatorios que protejan ámbitos reservados a la agencia humana en contextos automatizados.
Citas
Putnam, H. (1975). Mind, language and reality (Vol. 2). Cambridge University Press.
Augustine. (2001). Confessions (H. Chadwick, Trans.). Oxford University Press. (Original work published 397).
Aquinas, T. (1947). Summa Theologica (Fathers of the English Dominican Province, Trans.). Benziger Bros. (Original work published 1265–1274).
Aristotle. (1991). De Anima (R. D. Hicks, Trans.; 25th illus. ed.). Prometheus Books.
Aristotle. (2001). Physics (R. P. Hardie & R. K. Gaye, Trans.). In J. Barnes (Ed.), The complete works of
Aristotle: The revised Oxford translation (Vol. 1, pp. 315–446). Princeton University Press.
Block, N. (1980). Troubles with functionalism. In N. Block (Ed.), Readings in philosophy of psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 268–305). Harvard University Press.
Block, N. (1981). Psychologism and behaviorism. Philosophical Review, 90(1), 5–43. https://doi.org/10.2307/2184371
Boden, M. A. (1990). The creative mind: Myths and mechanisms. Basic Books.
Bostrom, N. (2014). Superintelligence: Paths, dangers, strategies. Oxford University Press.
Brentano, F. (1995). Psychology from an empirical standpoint (L. L. McAlister, Ed., A. C. Rancurello, D. B. Terrell, & L. L. McAlister, Trans.). Routledge. (Original work published 1874).
Bubeck, S., Chandrasekaran, V., Eldan, R., Gehrke, J., Horvitz, E., Kamar, E., ... & Zhang, Y. (2023). Sparks of artificial general intelligence: Early experiments with GPT-4. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2303.12712
Capurro, R. (2008). Intercultural information ethics. Ethics and Information Technology, 10(2–3), 91–101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-008-9179-3
Chalmers, D. J. (1996). The conscious mind: In search of a fundamental theory. Oxford University Press.
Deacon, T. W. (2011). Incomplete nature: How mind emerged from matter. W. W. Norton.
Dennett, D. C. (1991). Consciousness explained. Little, Brown and Company.
Dretske, F. (1981). Knowledge and the flow of information. MIT Press.
Dreyfus, H. L. (1992). What computers still can’t do: A critique of artificial reason. MIT Press.
Ellul, J. (1964). The technological society (J. Wilkinson, Trans.). Vintage Books. (Original work published 1954).
Finnis, J. (1980). Natural law and natural rights. Oxford University Press.
Floridi, L. (2013). The ethics of information. Oxford University Press.
Floridi, L. (2019). The logic of information: A theory of philosophy as conceptual design. Oxford University Press.
Gabriel, M. (2015). Warum es die Welt nicht gibt [Why the world does not exist]. Ullstein.
Gehlen, A. (1950). Der Mensch: Seine Natur und seine Stellung in der Welt [Man: His nature and place in the world]. Aula-Verlag.
Gilson, É. (1939). The spirit of Thomism. Gifford Lectures.
Guardini, R. (1950). The end of the modern world. Henry Regnery Company.
Harnad, S. (1990). The symbol grounding problem. Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena, 42(1–3), 335–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-2789(90)90087-6
Heidegger, M. (1962). Being and time (J. Macquarrie & E. Robinson, Trans.). Harper & Row. (Original work published 1927).
Hui, Y. (2016). The question concerning technology in China: An essay in cosmotechnics. Urbanomic.
Husserl, E. (1999). Ideas pertaining to a pure phenomenology and to a phenomenological philosophy: First book (F. Kersten, Trans.). Kluwer Academic. (Original work published 1913).
Jonas, H. (1966). The phenomenon of life: Toward a philosophical biology. Harper & Row.
Jonas, H. (1984). The imperative of responsibility: In search of an ethics for the technological age (H. Jonas, Trans.). University of Chicago Press.
Kane, R. (1996). The significance of free will. Oxford University Press.
Kant, I. (1997). Groundwork of the metaphysics of morals (M. Gregor, Trans.). Cambridge University Press. (Original work published 1785).
Kant, I. (1998). Critique of pure reason (P. Guyer & A. W. Wood, Trans. & Eds.). Cambridge University Press. (Original work published 1781).
Kim, J. (1998). Mind in a physical world: An essay on the mind-body problem and mental causation. MIT Press.
Levine, J. (1983). Materialism and qualia: The explanatory gap. Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, 64(4), 354–361. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0114.1983.tb00207.x
Lonergan, B. J. F. (1957). Insight: A study of human understanding. Longmans, Green and Co.
Lopes, D. M. (2014). Beyond art. Oxford University Press.
MacIntyre, A. (1981). After virtue: A study in moral theory. University of Notre Dame Press.
MacIntyre, A. (1999). Dependent rational animals: Why human beings need the virtues. Open Court.
Marcel, G. (1949). The mystery of being: Volume I – Reflection and mystery (G. S. Fraser, Trans.). St. Augustine’s Press.
Marcel, G. (1951). The mystery of being: Volume II – Faith and reality (R. Rosthal, Trans.). St. Augustine’s Press.
Marcus, G. (2023). The next decade in AI: Four steps towards robust artificial intelligence. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2301.06545
Maritain, J. (1994). The person and the common good (J. J. Fitzgerald, Trans.; Reprint ed.). University of Notre Dame Press. (Original work published 1947).
Maritain, J. (1953). Creative intuition in art and poetry. Pantheon Books.
Maturana, H. R., & Varela, F. J. (1980). Autopoiesis and cognition: The realization of the living. D. Reidel.
McGinn, C. (1999). The mysterious flame: Conscious minds in a material world. Basic Books.
Metzinger, T. (2003). Being no one: The self-model theory of subjectivity. MIT Press.
Nagel, T. (1974). What is it like to be a bat? The Philosophical Review, 83(4), 435–450. https://doi.org/10.2307/2183914
Nancy, J.-L. (2000). Being singular plural (R. D. Richardson & A. E. O’Byrne, Trans.). Stanford University Press.
Nussbaum, M. C. (2001). Upheavals of thought: The intelligence of emotions. Cambridge University Press.
Nussbaum, M. C. (2006). Frontiers of justice: Disability, nationality, species membership. Harvard University Press.
Oderberg, D. S. (2005). Real essentialism. Routledge.
Oderberg, D. S. (2007). Teleology: Inorganic and organic. In A. J. Beckwith (Ed.), Contemporary perspectives on natural teleology (pp. 137–164). Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Picard, R. W. (1997). Affective computing. MIT Press.
Pío XI. (1931). Quadragesimo anno [On reconstructing the social order]. Vatican Library. https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_19310515_quadragesimoanno.html
Polanyi, M. (1966). The tacit dimension. University of Chicago Press.
Popper, K. R. (1972). Objective knowledge: An evolutionary approach. Oxford University Press.
Putnam, H. (1967). Psychological predicates. In W. H. Capitan & D. D. Merrill (Eds.), Art, mind, and religion (pp. 37–48). University of Pittsburgh Press.
Ricoeur, P. (1965). De l’interprétation: Essai sur Freud. Éditions du Seuil.
Ricoeur, P. (1990). Oneself as another (K. Blamey, Trans.). University of Chicago Press.
Ross, J. F. (1992). Immaterial aspects of thought. The Journal of Philosophy, 89(3), 136–150. https://doi.org/10.2307/2026781
Russell, S. (2019). Human compatible: Artificial intelligence and the problem of control. Viking.
Russell, S. J., & Norvig, P. (2021). Artificial intelligence: A modern approach (4.ª ed.). Pearson.
Sandel, M. J. (2009). Justice: What’s the right thing to do? Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Scheler, M. (1928). Die Stellung des Menschen im Kosmos [The human place in the cosmos]. Francke.
Scheler, M. (1973). Formalism in ethics and non-formal ethics of values (M. S. Frings & R. L. Funk, Trans.). Northwestern University Press. (Original work published 1913–1916).
Scruton, R. (2009). Beauty: A very short introduction. Oxford University Press.
Searle, J. R. (1980). Minds, brains, and programs. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3(3), 417–457. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00005756
Searle, J. R. (1992). The rediscovery of the mind. MIT Press.
Sen, A., & Nussbaum, M. C. (Eds.). (1993). The quality of life. Oxford University Press.
Simondon, G. (1958). Du mode d’existence des objets techniques [On the mode of existence of technical objects]. Éditions Aubier.
Spaemann, R. (1989). Persons: The difference between someone and something (O. O’Donovan, Trans.). Oxford University Press.
Spaemann, R. (1996). Glück und Wohlwollen: Versuch über Ethik. Klett-Cotta.
Stein, E. (1989). On the problem of empathy (W. Stein, Trans.). ICS Publications. (Original work published 1917).
Taylor, C. (1985). Human agency and language: Philosophical papers I. Cambridge University Press.
Taylor, C. (1989). Sources of the self: The making of the modern identity. Harvard University Press.
Taylor, C. (1994). The politics of recognition. In A. Gutmann (Ed.), Multiculturalism: Examining the politics of recognition (pp. 25–73). Princeton University Press.
Tolstoy, L. (1995). What is art? (R. Pevear & L. Volokhonsky, Trans.). Penguin Books. (Original work published 1897).
Tononi, G. (2008). Consciousness as integrated information: A provisional manifesto. The Biological Bulletin, 215(3), 216–242. https://doi.org/10.2307/25470707
Turing, A. M. (1950). Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind, 59(236), 433–460. https://doi.org/10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433
Universal Declaration of Human Rights. (1948). United Nations. https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights
Vallor, S. (2016). Technology and the virtues: A philosophical guide to a future worth wanting. Oxford University Press.
Wallach, W., & Allen, C. (2009). Moral machines: Teaching robots right from wrong. Oxford University Press.