Effectiveness of a parent training program aiming to improve the psychological wellbeing and the family satisfaction: Parenting with a Smile

Effectiveness of a parent training program aiming to improve the psychological wellbeing and the family satisfaction: Parenting with a Smile

Main Article Content

Carmen Pérez
Marina Iniesta

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to design, implement and analyse the effectiveness of the parent training program Parenting with a smile, taking it as a structured role model in a psychoeducational intervention which aims to reduce anxiety, depression and stress symptoms by increasing the family satisfaction, the training in parenting skills and the change in attitude from parents with children aged between 0 and 12. A quasi-experimental study with a sample of 68 parents was carried out along with a pretest-posttest evaluation of the parents’ clinical symptoms in relation to anxiety, depression and stress by using the Abreviated Depression Anxiety Stress Scale [Escala Abreviada de Depresión, Ansiedad y Estrés (DASS-21)], of the family satisfaction following the Family Satisfaction by Adjectives Scale (FSAS) [Escala de Satisfacción Familiar por Adjetivos (ESFA)] and finally of the skills and cognitive dimensions related to parenting through the Questionnaire for the assessment of adopters, carers, tutors and mediators [Cuestionario para la Evaluación de Adoptantes, Cuidadores, Tutores y Mediadores (CUIDA)]. The reductions in clinical symptoms scores and the increase in family satisfaction and parenting skills, except for Altruism, shown in Wilcoxon test are significant.

References

Antony, M.M., Bieling, P.J., Cox, B.J., Enns, M.W., y Swinson, R.P. (1998). Psychometric

properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales

in clinical groups and a community sample. Psychological Assessment, 10(2), 176-181.

doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.10.2.176

Armstrong, M.I., Birnie-Lefcovitch, S., y Ungar, M.T. (2005). Pathways between social support,

family wellbeing, quality of parenting, and child resilience: What we know. Journal of

Child and Family Studies, 14(2), 269-281. doi:10.1007/s10826-005-5054-4

Barlow, J., Smailagic, N., Ferriter, M., Bennett, C., y Jones, H. (2016). Group‐based

parent‐training programmes for improving emotional and behavioural adjustment in

children from birth to three years old. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 8,

-94. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003680.pub2

Barraca, J., y López-Yarto, L. (1999). ESFA: Escala de satisfacción familiar por adjetivos. TEA

Ediciones.

Barraca, J., Yarto, L.L., y Olea, J. (2000). Psychometric properties of a new family life satisfaction

scale. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 16(2), 98-106.

doi:10.1027//1015-5759.16.2.98

Bennett, C., Barlow, J., Huband, N., Smailagic, N., y Roloff, V. (2013). Group-based parenting

programs for improving parenting and psychosocial functioning: A systematic review.

Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research, 4(4), 300-332.

doi: 10.5243/jsswr.2013.20

Bermejo, F.A., Estévez, I., García, M.I., García-Rubio, E., Lapastora, M., Letamendía, P., ... y de

Castro, F.V. (2006). Cuestionario para la evaluación de adoptantes, cuidadores, tutores

y mediadores. TEA Ediciones.

Bloomfield, L., y Kendall, S. (2012). Parenting self-efficacy, parenting stress and child behavior

before and after a parenting program. Primary Health Care Research y

Development, 13(4), 364-372. doi:10.1017/S1463423612000060

Centro de investigaciones sociológicas – CIS– (2012). Familia y género. Recuperado de:

http://www.cis.es/cis/export/sites/default/Archivos/Marginales/2940_2959/2942/es2942.

pdf.

Chambless, D.L., y Hollon, S. (1998). Defining empirically-supported therapies. Journal of

Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 7-18. doi:10.1037//0022-006x.66.1.7

Crandall, A., Deater-Deckard, K., y Riley, A.W. (2015). Maternal emotion and cognitive control

capacities and parenting: A conceptual framework. Developmental Review, 36, 105-126.

doi: 10.1016/j.dr.2015.01.004

Eamesa, C., Daley, D., Hutchings, J., Whitaker, C.J., Bywater, T., Jones, K., y Hughes, J.C.

(2010). The impact of group leaders’ behaviours on parent’s adquisition of key parenting

skills during parent training. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48, 1221-1226.

doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.07.011

Flores-Bravo, J.F., Valadez-Sierra, M.D., Rosal, A.B., y Betancourt-Morejón, J. (2018).

Principales preocupaciones de padres de hijos con altas capacidades. Revista de

Educación y Desarrollo, 47, 115-122.

Fonseca-Pedrero, E., Paino, M., Lemos-Giráldez, S. y Muñiz, J. (2010). Propiedades psicométricas

de la Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) en universitarios españoles.

Ansiedad y Estrés, 16(2), 215-226.

Furlong, M., McGilloway, S., Bywater, T., Hutchings, J., Smith, S.M., y Donnelly, M. (2012).

Behavioural and cognitive‐behavioural group‐based parenting programmes for

early‐onset conduct problems in children aged 3 to 12 years. Campbell Systematic

Reviews, 8(1), 1-239. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008225.pub2

Godoy, J. F., Ruiz Castilla, M., Fresneda López, M.D., y Puertas González, J.A. (2019). Eficacia

de un programa de entrenamiento para padres destinado a mejorar la comunicación oral

y la conducta de sus hijos: un estudio preliminar. Revista de Investigación en Logopedia,

(2), 107-127. doi: 10.5209/rlog.62544

González, J.A.P., Castilla, M.R., López, M.D.F., y Godoy, J.F. (2019). Eficacia de un programa de

entrenamiento para padres destinado a mejorar la comunicación oral y la conducta de sus

hijos: un estudio preliminar. Revista de Investigación en Logopedia, 9(2), 107-127.

Hermanns, J.M., Assecher, J.J., Zijlstra, B.J., Hoffenaar, P.J., y Dekovic, M. (2013). Long-term

changes in parenting and child behavior after the Home-Start family support program.

Children and Youth Services Review, 35, 678-684.

doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2013.01.017

Hiscock, H., Bayer, J. K., Price, A., Ukoumunne, O. C., Rogers, S., y Wake, M. (2008). Universal

parenting programme to prevent early childhood behavioural problems: cluster

randomised trial. British Medical Journal, 336, 318-321. doi:

1136/bmj.39451.609676.AE

Inchausti, F., García-Poveda, N.V., Prado-Abril, J., Ortuño-Sierra, J., y Gaínza-Tejedor, I. (2017).

Entrenamiento en habilidades sociales orientado a la metacognición (MOSST): Marco

teórico, metodología de trabajo y descripción del tratamiento para pacientes con

esquizofrenia. Papeles del Psicólogo, 38(3), 204-215.

Jones, J.D., Lebowitz, E.R., Marin, C.E., y Stark, K.D. (2015). Family accommodation mediates

the association between anxiety symptoms in mothers and children. Journal of Child y

Adolescent Mental Health, 27(1), 41-51. doi:10.2989/17280583.2015.1007866

Kjøbli, J., Hukkelberg, S.Y., y Ogden, T. (2013). A randomized trial of group parent training:

Reducing child conduct problems in real-world settings. Behaviour, 2, 1-10.

Kjøbli, J., y Ogden, T. (2009). Gender differences in intake characteristics and behavior change

among children in families receiving parent management training. Children and Youth

Services Review, 31, 823-830. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2009.03.004

Leijdesdorff, S., van Doesum, K., Popma, A., Klaassen, R., y van Amelsvoort, T. (2017).

Prevalence of psychopathology in children of parents with mental illness and/or

addiction: an up to date narrative review. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 30(4), 312-317.

doi: 10.1097/YCO.0000000000000341

López de Arana Prado, E., y Barandiaran Arteaga, A. (2018). Vivencias sobre la maternidad:

aspectos que tener en cuenta en la promoción de la salud infantil. Pediatría Atención

Primaria, 20(79), 237-243.

Lozano-Rodríguez, I., y Valero-Aguayo, L. (2017). Una revisión sistemática de la eficacia de los

programas de entrenamiento a padres. Revista de Psicología Clínica con Niños y

Adolescentes, 4(2), 85-91. doi:10.17060/ijodaep.2014.n1.v4.607

Maggi, S., Irwin, L.J., Siddiqi, A., y Hertzman, C. (2010). The social determinants of early child

development: an overview. Journal of Pediatrics and Child Health, 46(11), 627-635.

doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2010.01817.x

Manuel, J., Casanova, P.F., Carpio, M.V., y Cerezo, M.T. (2015). Consistencia e inconsistencia

parental: relaciones con la conducta agresiva y satisfacción vital de los adolescentes.

European Journal of Education and Psychology, 6(2). doi:10.1989/ejep.v6i2.112

Martin, A.J., y Sanders, M.R. (2003). Balancing work and family: A controlled evaluation of the

Triple P‐Positive Parenting Program as a work‐site intervention. Child and Adolescent

Mental Health, 8(4), 161-169. doi:10.1111/1475-3588.00066

Matsumoto, Y., Sofronoff, K., y Sanders, M.R. (2010). Investigation of the effectiveness and

social validity of the Triple P Positive Parenting Program in Japanese society. Journal of

Family Psychology, 24(1), 87-91. doi:10.1037/a0018181

McMahon, R.J. (1991). Entrenamiento de padres.V. Caballo, Manual de Técnicas de Terapia y

Modificación de Conducta. Madrid: Siglo XXI.

Mendoza, B., Pedroza, F.J., y Martínez, K.I. (2014). Prácticas de Crianza Positiva: Entrenamiento

a padres para reducir Bullying. Acta de Investigación Psicológica, 4(3), 1793-1808.

doi: 10.1016/S2007-4719(14)70980-9

Middeldorp, C.M., Wesseldijk, L.W., Hudziak, J.J., Verhulst, F.C., Lindauer, R.J., y Dieleman,

G.C. (2016). Parents of children with psychopathology: psychiatric problems and the

association with their child’s problems. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 25(8),

-927. doi:10.1007/s00787-015-0813-2

Otani, K., Suzuki, A., Matsumoto, Y., Shibuya, N., Sadahiro, R., y Enokido, M. (2013). Parental

overprotection engenders dysfunctional attitudes about achievement and dependency in a

gender specific manner. BMC Psychiatry, 13, 1-4. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-13-345

Padilla, J.P., Lara, B.L., y Álvarez-Dardet, S.M. (2010). Estrés y competencia parental: un estudio

con madres y padres trabajadores. Suma Psicológica, 17(1), 47-57.

Patterson, G. (1982). Coercive family process. Eugene, OR: Castalia.

Patterson, G., Reid, J., Jones, R., y Conger, R. (1975). A social learning approach to family

intervention. Vol. 1: Families with aggressive children. Eugene, OR: Castalia.

Pérez, F., y Santelices, M.P. (2016). Sintomatología depresiva, estrés parental y funcionamiento

familiar. Revista Argentina de Clínica Psicológica, 25(3), 235-244.

Pérez-Adame, E., Fulgencio-Juárez, M., y González-Zepeda, A.P. (2013). Burnout en personal de

estancias infantiles y su relación con las habilidades y conocimientos requeridos para el

puesto. Revista de Educación y Desarrollo, 24, 5-12.

Perez-Saussol, C. (2015). Educar con una sonrisa. Murcia: Autoedición.

Porzig-Drummon, R., Stevenson, R.J., y Stevenson, C. (2014). The 1-2-3 Magic parenting

program and its effect on child problem behaviors and dysfunctional parenting: A

randomized controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 58, 52-64.

doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.05.004

Porzig-Drummond, R., Stevenson, R.J., y Stevenson, C. (2015). Preliminary evaluation of a selfdirected video-based 1-2-3 Magic parenting program: A randomized controlled trial.

Behaviour Research and Therapy, 66, 32-42. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.01.003

Raya, A.F., Pino, M.J., y Herruzo, J. (2009). La agresividad en la infancia: el estilo de crianza

parental como factor relacionado. European Journal of Education and Psychology, 2(3),

-222. doi:10.30552/ejep.v2i3.28

Rodrigo, M.J., Almeida, A., Spiel, C., y Koops, W. (2012). Introduction: Evidence-based parent

education programmes to promote positive parenting. European Journal of

Developmental Psychology, 9(1), 2-10. doi:10.1080/17405629.2011.631282

Sánchez, F. (2017). Conflictos entre padres e hijos: el problema de la disciplina. Revista de

Formación Continuada de la Sociedad Española de Medicina de la Adolescencia, 1, 70-

Sanders, M.R., Kirby, J.N., Tellegen, C.L., y Day, J.J. (2014). The Triple P-Positive Parenting

Program: A systematic review and meta-analysis of a multi-level system of parenting

support. Clinical Psychology Review, 34(4), 337-357. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2014.04.003

Sanders, M.R., Turner, K.M., y Markie-Dadds, C. (2002). The development and dissemination of

the Triple P—Positive Parenting Program: A multilevel, evidence-based system of

parenting and family support. Prevention Science, 3(3), 173-189.

doi:10.1023/a:1019942516231

Shlonsky, A., Dennis, J.A., Devine, B., Tufford, L., Barlow, J., y Bjørndal, A. (2016).

Mindfulness‐based parenting programs for improving psychosocial outcomes in children

from birth to age 18 and their parents. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 11,

-21. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012445

Toro, M. T. (2019). Relajación de jacobson para disminuir la ansiedad originada por evaluaciones

e incremento del rendimiento académico en estudiantes de psicología de una universidad

privada de Lima Metropolitana. Avances en Psicología, 27(2), 167-176.

Tosh, R., Arnott, W., y Scarinci, N. (2017). Parent‐implemented home therapy programmes for

speech and language: a systematic review. International journal of language &

communication disorders, 52(3), 253-269.

Van Aar, J.V., Asscher, J.J., Zijlstra, B.J., Dekovic, M., y Hoffenaar, P.J. (2015). Changes in

parenting and child behavior after the home-start family support program: A 10 year

follow-up. Children and Youth Services Review, 53, 166-175.

doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.03.029

Webster-Stratton, C. (2001). The incredible years: Parents, teachers, and children training series.

Residential treatment for children y youth, 18(3), 31-45. doi: 10.1300/J007v18n03_04

Whittaker, K. A. & Cowley, S. (2012). An effective programme is not enough: A review of factors

associated with poor attendance and engagement with parenting support programmes.

Children y Society, 26(2), 138-149. doi:10.1111/j.1099-0860.2010.00333.x